Case LawSupreme Court › [1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846

Saroj Kumar Mazumdar v. The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, West Bengal, Calcutta

Supreme Court [1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846 04 May 1959 In favour of: Assessee
Forum / Bench
Supreme Court
Parties
Saroj Kumar Mazumdar v. The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, West Bengal, Calcutta
Date of order
04 May 1959
Assessment year(s)
1948-49
Outcome
Allowed

Case summary

In Saroj Kumar Mazumdar v. The Commissioner Of Income-Tax, West Bengal, Calcutta, the Supreme Court (1959) allowed the appeal. The decision went in favour of the assessee.

Issue: The question for decision in this appeal was whether a single transaction of sale of land measuring about three quarters of an acre was an adventure in the nature of trade so as to make it liable to income-tax.

Summary auto-generated from the order below — read the full judgment for the complete reasoning.

The order — as passed by the Supreme Court

Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) 846 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] Supp. SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR r959 v. May 4. THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. (N. H. BHAGWATI, B. P. SINHA and J. L. KAPUR, JJ.) Income-tax-Assessment-Single transaction of purchase and sale of land-If a venture in the nature of trade or capital investment -Test-Dominant intention-Onus-Indian Income-tax Act, z922 (XI of I922), ss. 2(4), IO. The question for decision in this appeal was whether a single transaction of sale of land measuring about three quarters of an acre was an adventure in the nature of trade so as to make it liable to income-tax. The assessee appellant, an Engineer by profession, was engaged in various business activities including that of an engineering firm but, admittedly, had no dealing, except the one in question, in respect of land. In 1946 he enter-ed into an agreement with the Hindusthan Co-operative Insur-ance Society Ltd. for the purchase of the land in question and • paid a sum of Rs. 32,748 in two instalments, being 25% of the estimated total price of the land. As his construction activities declined and the Government, who had requisitioned the land, were not immediately releasing it, the appellant sold his rights under the agreement to a third party in 1947 and thereby receiv-ed a sum of Rs. 74,000 odd in excess of the amount paid by him to the Society. The land, however, was not released by the Government until i949. The Income-tax Officer held that the transaction v:.[1]as an adventure in the nature of trade and the said sum was a profit therefrom, taxable under s. IO of the Income-tax Act, and included it in the assessable income. The Appel-late Assistant Commissioner, in appeal, held that the assessee, a man of means, had intended to purchase the land for his own use, and that the motive of profit was entirely absent when the purchase was made and that as it was a case of appreciation of capital, he was liable to pay Capital Gains ta,x. The Appellate Tribunal on appeal by the Department, reversed the findings and the decision of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and affirm-ed that of the Income-tax Officer. After the assessee had obtained from this Court special leave to appeal, he made an application to the High Court under s. 66(2) of the Income-tax Act, which that Court dismissed as being barred by limitation. Held, (per Bhagwati and Sinha, JJ., Kapur, J., dissent-ing) that admittedly the transaction in question being a single instance of its kind, and not in the line of the business of the assessee, it was for the Department to prove that the dominant intention of the appellant, when he entered into the agreement with the Society, was to embark on a venture in the nature of (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS trade as distinguished from a capital investment, and they having failed to do so, the appeal must succeed. r959 Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. Reinhold, 34 T. C. 389, applied. Saroj Kumar Mazumdar 1:here could. ~e ~o doubt,. as held by the . Court, that the Th• ca:;,.issioner question for dec1s1on mvolved m such cases was one of law or a of Income-tax, mixed question of fact and Jaw. of Income-tax, West Bengal, Calcutta G. Venkataswami Naidu and Co. v. The Commissioner of In-come-tax, A.LR. 1959 S.C. 359, referred to and distinguished. The line of demarcation, however, between an isolated trans-action and a venture in the nature of trade was very thin and each case had to be decided on the total impression all its facts and circumstances made on the mind of the Judge. Case-law reviewed. Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) सरोजकुमारमजूमदार 1959 4 मई। ' .वी -आयआयोगकर, पश्चिम बेंगलुरु, कलकत्ता। ( एन. एच. भगवती, बी. पी. सिन्हाऔरजे. एल. कपूर, जे. जे.) -----आयकरनिर्धारणभूमिकीखरीदऔरबिक्रीकाएकललेनदेनयदिव्यापारयापूंजीनिवेशकीप्रकृतिकाकोईउद्यमहै----परीक्षणप्रमुखइरादादायित्वभारतीयआयकरअधिनियम, 1922 ( 1922 काXI), एसएस।2 ( 4 ) , 10 . इसअपीलमेंनिर्णयकेलिएसवालयहथाकिक्या एकएकड़केलगभगतीनचौथाईहिस्सेकीभूमिकीबिक्रीकाएकललेनदेनव्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यथाताकिइसेआय-करकेलिएउत्तरदायीबनायाजासके।निर्धारितीअपीलार्थी, जोपेशेसेएकइंजीनियरथा, एकइंजीनियरिंगफर्मसहितविभिन्नव्यावसायिकगतिविधियोंमेंलगाहुआथा, लेकिननिश्चितरूपसे, भूमिकेसंबंधमें, विचाराधीनफर्मकेअलावा, कोईसौदानहींथा।1946 मेंउन्होंनेविवादितभूमिकीखरीदकेलिएहिंदुस्तानको-ऑपरेटिवइंसुरएंससोसाइटीलिमिटेडकेसाथएकसमझौताकियाऔररु।32,748 दोकिश्तोंमें, जोभूमिकीअनुमानितकुलकीमतका25 प्रतिशतहै।चूंकिउसकीनिर्माणगतिविधियोंमेंगिरावटटआईऔरसरकार, जिसनेभूमिकीमांगकीथी, उसेतुरंतजारीनहींकररहीथी, इसलिएअपीलार्थीने1947 मेंसमझौतेकेतहतअपनेअधिकारकिसीतीसरेपक्षकोबेचदिएऔरइसतरहउसेरु।74,000 उसकेद्वारासोसायटीकोदीगईराशिसेअधिक।हालाँकि, 1949 तकसरकारद्वाराभूमिजारीनहींकीगईथी।--आयकरअधिकारीनेअभिनिर्धारितकियाकिलेनदेनव्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यथाऔरउक्तराशिउससेहोनेवालालाभथा, जोएसकेतहतकरयोग्यथा।10 आयकरअधिनियम, औरइसेनिर्धारणीयआयमेंशामिलकिया।अपीलमेंदिवंगतसहायकआयुक्तनेकहाकिनिर्धारिती, एकसाधनसंपन्नव्यक्ति, नेअपनेउपयोगकेलिएभूमिखरीदनेकाइरादाकियाथा, औरजबखरीदकीगईथीतोलाभकाउद्देश्यपूरीतरहसेअनुपस्थितथाऔरचूंकियहपूंजीकेमूल्यवर्धनकामामलाथा, इसलिएवहपूंजीगतलाभकरकाभुगतानकरनेकेलिएउत्तरदायीथा।अपीलीयन्यायाधिकरणनेविभागकीअपीलपर, अपीलीयसहायकआयुक्तकेनिष्कर्षोंऔरनिर्णयकोउलटटदियाऔरआयकरअधिकारीकेनिर्णयकीपुष्टिकी।निर्धारितीद्वाराइसन्यायालयसेअपीलकरनेकेलिएविशेषअनुमतिप्राप्तकरनेकेबाद, उसनेएसकेतहतउच्च-न्यायालयमेंएकआवेदनकिया।66 ( 2 ) आयकरअधिनियम, जिसेउसन्यायालयनेसीमाद्वारावर्जितहोनेकेरूपमेंखारिजकरदिया।आयोजित, (भगवतीऔरसिन्हाकेअनुसार, जे. जे.।, कपूर, जे., असहमतिव्यक्तकरतेहुए) किस्वीकार्यरूपसेविचाराधीनलेन-देनअपनीतरहकाएकएकलउदाहरणहै, औरनिर्धारितीकेव्यवसायकेअनुरूपनहींहै, यहविभागकोसाबितकरनाथाकिप्रमुख टी अपीलार्थीकाइरादा, जबउसनेसोसायटीकेसाथसमझौताकिया, तो(2) एस. सी. आर. सर्वोच्चन्यायालयरिपोर्टकेरूपमेंएकउद्यमशुरूकरनाथा। 847 व्यापारकेरूपमेंएकपूंजीनिवेशसेअलग, औरवे1959 मेंऐसाकरनेमेंविफलरहे, अपीलसफलहोनीचाहिए।अंतर्देशीयराजस्वआयुक्तबनाम।रेनहोल्ड, 34 टी. सी. 389, सरोजकुमारमजूमदार आवेदनकिया।इसमेंकोईसंदेहनहींहोसकताहै, जैसाकिन्यायालयनेअभिनिर्धारितकियाहैकिआयुक्त ऐसेमामलोंमेंशामिलनिर्णयकेलिएप्रश्नकानूनयाआयकरकाथा, तथ्यऔरकानूनकामिश्रितप्रश्न। पश्चिमबंगाल, जी. वेंकटटस्वामीनायडूएंडकंपनी।कलकत्ताकेआयुक्तआतेहैं-कर, ए. आई. आर. 1959 एस. सी. 359, संदर्भितऔरप्रतिष्ठित। हालाँकि, एकपृथकहस्तांतरणकार्रवाईऔरव्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकउद्यमकेबीचसीमांकनकीरेखाबहुतकमथीऔरप्रत्येकमामलेकानिर्णयन्यायाधीशकेदिमागपरबनाएगएसभीतथ्योंऔरपरिस्थितियोंकेपूर्णप्रभावपरकियाजानाथा।मामला-कानूनकीसमीक्षाकीगई।कपूर, जे.-यद्यपिकलाकेअधीनइसन्यायालयकीशक्तियाँ।136 संविधानबहुतव्यापकथा, उनकाप्रयोगअपनेस्वयंकेनिर्णयोंद्वारालगाईगईसीमाओंकेभीतरकियाजानाथाऔरऐसीएकसीमायहथीकियहन्यायालयसामान्यरूपसेतथ्यकेप्रश्नोंपरहस्तक्षेपनहींकरेगा।चूंकितत्कालमामलेमेंशामिलप्रश्नकानूनऔरतथ्यकाएकमिश्रितप्रश्नथा, इसलिएतथ्योंकोठीकसेउसनिकायद्वारापायाजानाचाहिएजिसकाआयकरअधिनियमकेतहतअनन्यकार्यऐसाकरनाथा। जी. वेंकटटस्वामीनायडूएंडकंपनीबनामआयकरआयुक्त, ए. आई. आर. 1959 एस. सी. 359 औरढाकेश्वरीकॉटटनमिल्सबनाम।आय-करआयुक्त, [1955] 1 एस. सी. आर. 941 काउल्लेखकियागयाहै।नहीकिसीनिर्धारितीकोप्रक्रियाकोपारितकरनेकीअनुमतिदीजासकतीथी। -एसएसद्वारानिर्धारित।66 ( 1 ) , 66 ( 2 ) आयकरअधिनियमकाकानूनद्वाराप्रश्ननिर्धारितकरनेकेलिए। हालाँकि, चूंकिअपीलीयन्यायाधिकरण, तत्कालमामलेमें, कुछआवश्यकतथ्योंपरविचारकरनेमेंविफलरहाथा, इसलिएइसन्यायालयद्वाराकीगईटिप्पणियोंकेआलोकमेंउचितनिर्णयकेलिएमामलेकोउसकेपासभेजाजानाचाहिए। :1955 . 347।सिविलअपीलीयक्षेत्राधिकारकीसिविलअपीलसं निर्णयसेविशेषअनुमतिद्वाराअपीलऔर आयकरअपीलीयन्यायाधिकरण, कलकत्ताका26 मार्च, 1954 काआदेश, 1953-54 कीआयकरअपीलसंख्या5263 में।. . अपीलार्थीकीओरसेएवीविश्वनाथशास्त्रीऔरसुकुमारघोष। प्रत्यर्थीकीओरसेभारतकेसॉलिसिटटरजनरलसी. के. डाफ्टटरी, आर. गणपाथी, आर. एच. ढेबरऔरडी. गुप्ता।1959.4 मई।भगवतीकानिर्णयऔर सिन्हा, जेजे।, सिन्हा, जे. कपूर, जे. डेलीनेएकअलगनिर्णयदिया। 848 सर्वोच्चन्यायालयकीरिपोर्ट[1959] पूरक। सिन्हा, जे. मेंदृढ़संकल्पकेलिएएकमात्रप्रश्न 1959 Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) :1955 . 347।सिविलअपीलीयक्षेत्राधिकारकीसिविलअपीलसं निर्णयसेविशेषअनुमतिद्वाराअपीलऔर आयकरअपीलीयन्यायाधिकरण, कलकत्ताका26 मार्च, 1954 काआदेश, 1953-54 कीआयकरअपीलसंख्या5263 में।. . अपीलार्थीकीओरसेएवीविश्वनाथशास्त्रीऔरसुकुमारघोष। प्रत्यर्थीकीओरसेभारतकेसॉलिसिटटरजनरलसी. के. डाफ्टटरी, आर. गणपाथी, आर. एच. ढेबरऔरडी. गुप्ता।1959.4 मई।भगवतीकानिर्णयऔर सिन्हा, जेजे।, सिन्हा, जे. कपूर, जे. डेलीनेएकअलगनिर्णयदिया। 848 सर्वोच्चन्यायालयकीरिपोर्ट[1959] पूरक। सिन्हा, जे. मेंदृढ़संकल्पकेलिएएकमात्रप्रश्न 1959 विशेषअवकाशद्वारायहअपीलयहहैकिक्याएकल सरोजकुमार -लगभगतीनचौथाईकेसंबंधमेंलेनदेन मजूमदार कलकत्ताकेउपनगरोंमेंएकएकड़भूमि, एकएडवेनथी .वी --आयुक्तव्यापारकीप्रकृतिकाहोताहैऔरइसलिएवहआयकर, आयकरकेलिएउत्तरदायीहोताहै।निर्धारितीअपीलार्थी-होताहै।वेपश्चिमबंगालकीबातकरतेहैं, आयकरकेक्रमकीशुद्धताकोबढ़ातेहैं अपीलीयन्यायाधिकरण, कलकत्तापीठ, कलकत्ता, दिनांकित जे. सिन्हाने26 मार्च, 1954 कोआई. टी. ए. में1953-54 के5263 मेंमूल्यांकनवर्ष1948-49 केसंबंधमेंउत्तीर्णकिया। आयकेअपीलीयसहायकआयुक्त कर, रेंज"सी", कलकत्ता, दिनांक5 सितंबर, 1953। -इसअपीलतकपहुँचनेवालेइसमामलेकेतथ्यइसप्रकारहैं इसप्रकारहैःअपीलार्थीएकशेयरधारकऔरनिदेशकहोनेकेनातेविभिन्नप्रकारकीव्यावसायिकगतिविधियोंमेंलगाहुआहै। टॉरयाकईसीमितदायित्वोंकेप्रबंधनिदेशक सरोकाररखताहै, औरफर्ममेंएकभागीदारभीहैजिसेकहाजाताहै " "पायनियरइंजीनियरिंगवर्क्स।उसकेसंबंधमें पिछलेदोनिर्धारणवर्षोंकेदौरान, अपीलार्थीकोआय-करकेरूपमेंनिर्धारितकियागयाथा।53,000 / - ( 1946-47 )औररु.59,000 / - ( 1947-48 ) .द. अपीलार्थीकेमूल्यकेशेयरोंमेंनिवेशकरताहै रु.2,45,000 / - , जिनमेंसे, निर्धारितीकेअनुसार, रुपयेकेमूल्यकेशेयर।1,95,000 / - , उनकेनामपरखड़ेहोनेकेबावजूद, वेउनकेपिताऔरउनकीपत्नीसहितउनकेपरिवारकेअन्यसदस्योंसेसंबंधितहैं। हिन्दुस्तानसहकारीबीमासोसायटी कलकत्तालिमिटेड(इसकेबाद"सोसायटी" केरूपमेंसंदर्भित) नेलगभग578 बीघाभूमिकाअधिग्रहणकिया।तडायमंडहार्बररोडऔरटॉलीकेबीचस्थि नाला, निगमकीनगरपालिकासीमाकेभीतर कलकत्ता, 1940 और1942 केबीच।द. सोसायटीनेइसप्रकारअधिग्रहितभूमिकोसमतलकरनेऔरसड़कोंकोखोलनेकाफैसलाकियाऔरइसेविकसितकरनेकेबाद, इसेअपनीयोजनाकेतहतआवासीयउद्देश्योंकेलिएउपयुक्तविभिन्नब्लॉकोंमेंछोटेभूखंडोंऔरस्थलोंमेंविभाजितकिया। ""नईअलीपुरभूमिविकासयोजना नहीं।XV "।सोसायटीनेऐसेभूखंडोंकोबिक्रीकेलिएपेशकिया।ऐसाहीएकभूखंड, जोउक्तयोजनाकेखंड"ई" मेंभूखंडसंख्या77 है, 10 जनवरी, 1946 केएकसमझौतेद्वारानिर्धारितीकोरुपयेकीदरसेबेचनेकेलिएसहमतहुआथा।2,550 / - प्रतिकथा।उक्तसहमतिकेअनुसरणमें निर्धारितीनेसोसायटीको(2) एस. सी. आर. सर्वोच्चन्यायालयकीरिपोर्टोंकाभुगतानकिया। 849 रु.13,099 / यह51 कथाओंकेअनुमानितक्षेत्रकेसाथभूखंडकीअनुमानितकीमतका10 प्रतिशतहै, जोबादमें, सटीकमापपर, 45.56 कथाएंपाईगईं।इसकेबाद, अपनेप्रस्तावकोस्वीकारकरनेपर, अपीलार्थीनेएकऔरराशिकाभुगतानकिया 1959 सरोजकुमारमजूमदार वी, कमिश्नर रु.19,649 ( ) कोछोड़तेहुए, जोआय-करकेअनुमानका15 प्रतिशतहै।इसप्रकार, कुलमिलाकररु।32,748 / - होनेकेनाते पश्चिमबंगाल, कलकत्तासिन्हाजे। 25 % भूमिकीअनुमानितकुलकीमतका, निर्धारितीद्वारासोसायटीकोभुगतानकियागयाथा।यहसाराक्षेत्र, जिसेसोसाइटीनेछोटेभूखंडोंमेंविभिन्नखरीदारोंकोविकसितकरनेऔरबेचनेकाबीड़ाउठायाथा, सरकारकेकब्जेमेंथा, जिसनेद्वितीयविश्वयुद्धकेअभियोजनसेजुड़ेउद्देश्योंकेलिएइसकीमाँगकीथी।इसलिए, निर्धारितीऔरसोसायटीकेबीच--लेनदेनकीशर्तोंमेंसेएकयहथीकिखरीदकालेनदेनसरकारीकब्जेसेभूमिजारीहोनेकेछहमहीनेकेभीतरपूराकरलियाजाएगा।यहआगेथा यहनिर्धारितकियागयाकिनिर्धारितीनोटिसकीप्राप्तिकेतीनमहीनेकेभीतरआवेदनकरनेकाहकदारहोगा इसशर्तपरकिउसनेविस्तारितअवधिकेदौरानबकायाराशिपर7 प्रतिशतप्रतिवर्षकीदरसेब्याजकाभुगतानकियाहै,लेन-देनकोपूराकरनेकेलिएएकवर्षसेअधिकसमयकेविस्तारकेलिएमांगसेमुक्ति।यदिनिर्धारिती, खरीदारकेरूपमें, सोसायटीकोएकऔरराशिकाभुगतानकरताहै, जोरु।32,748 / - , पहलेसेहीभुगतानकिएगएभूखंडकीकुलकीमतका50 प्रतिशत(मांगरद्दकरनेकेनोटिसकेछहमहीनेकेभीतर), वहसंपत्तिकेलिएएकअंग्रेजीबंधकनिष्पादितकरनेपर-प्रोपर्टीकाहस्तांतरणप्राप्तकरसकताथा। इनउपरोक्तछहमहीनोंकीसमाप्तिपर7 प्रतिशतकीदरसेब्याजवहनकरनेवालेमूल्यकाशेष50 प्रतिशत।चूंकिएकआशंकाथीकिसरकार अपनेउद्देश्यकेलिएपूरीसंपत्तिकाअधिग्रहणकरसकताहै, यहआगेनिर्धारितकियागयाथाकिसरकारद्वाराइसतरहकेअधिग्रहणकीस्थितिमें, बिक्रीकेलिएसमझौतायहरद्दकरदियाजाएगाऔरनिर्धारिती, उसस्थितिमें, लेन-देनकोसमाप्तकरनेकेलिएअग्रिमरूपसेसोसायटीकोउसकेद्वाराभुगतानकीगईराशिकापुनःभुगतानकरनेकाहकदारहोगा।निर्धारितीकामामलायहहैकिजैसाकिउपरोक्तसातकिश्तोंमेंखरीद-मूल्यकेभुगतानकीशर्तेंउसकेलिएसुविधाजनकथीं, Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) of Income-tax, West Bengal, Calcutta G. Venkataswami Naidu and Co. v. The Commissioner of In-come-tax, A.LR. 1959 S.C. 359, referred to and distinguished. The line of demarcation, however, between an isolated trans-action and a venture in the nature of trade was very thin and each case had to be decided on the total impression all its facts and circumstances made on the mind of the Judge. Case-law reviewed. KAPUR, J.-Even though the powers of this Court under Art. 136 of the Constitution were very wide, they had to be exercised within the limits imposed by its own decisions and one such limitation was tqat this Court would not ordinarily inter-fere on questions of fact. Since the question involved in the instant case was a mixed question of law and fact, the facts should properly be found by the body whose exclusive function under the Income-tax Act was to do so. G. Venkataswami Naidu & Co. v. The Commissioner of Income-tax, A.LR. 1959 S.C. 359 and Dhakeswari Cotton Mills v. The Coihmissioner of Income-tax, [1955] l S.C.R. 941, referred to. Nor could an assessee be allowed to by-pass the procedure prescribed by ss. 66(1), 66(2) of the Income-tax Act to-have ques-tion of Jaw determined. Since, however, the Appellate Tribunal had, in the instant case, failed to consider certain essential facts, the case should be remitted to it for a proper decision in the light of the observa-tions made by this Court. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 347 of 1955. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and. order dated March 26, 1954, of the Income-tax Appel-late Tribunal, Calcutta, in Income-tax Appeal No. 5263 of 1953-54. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri and Sukumar Ghosh, for the appellant. 0. K. Daphtary, Solicitor-General of India, R. Gana-pathy, R.H. Dhebar and D. Gupta, for the respondent. 1959. May 4. The Judgment of Bhagwati and Sinha, JJ., was delivered by Sinha, J. Kapur, J. deli-vered a separate Judgment. 848 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1959] Supp. '959 SINHA, J.-The only question for determination in this appeal by special leave, is whether the solitary Saroj J(umar Mazumdor transaction in respect of about three quarters of an v. acre of land in the suburbs of Calcutta, was an ad ven-The Commission" ture in the nature of trade and, therefore, liable to of Income-tax, income-tax. The assessee is the appellant. He chal-West Bengal, Calcutta lenges the correctness of the order of the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Calcutta Bench, Calcutta, dated Sinha J. March 26, 1954, passed in LT.A. 5263 of 1953-54, in respect of the Assessment year 1948-49, reversing that of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner of Income-tax, Range "C ", Calcutta, dated September 5, 1953. The facts of this case leading upto this appeal are as follows : The appellant is engaged in various types of business activities, being a share-holder and Direc-tor or Managing Director of several limited liability concerns, and is also a partner in the firm known as "Pioneer Engineering Works". In respect of his income during the previous two assessment years, the appellant was assessed to income-tax on the sums of Rs. 53,000/-(1946-47) and Rs. 59,000/- (1947-48). The appellant holds investments in shares of the value of Rs. 2,45,000/-, out of which, according to the assessee, shares of-the value of Rs. 1,95,000/-, though standing in his name, belong to other members of his family, including his father and his wife. Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) The Hindusthan Co-operative Insurance Society Limited, of Calcutta, (hereinafter referred to as "the Society "), acquired a block of about 578 bighas of land lying between Diamond Harbour Road a'nd Tolly's N ullah, within the Municipal limits of the Corporation of Calcutta, between the years 1940 and 1942. The Society decided to level the land thus acquired and to open out roads and after developing the same, it sub-divided it into small plots and sites in different blocks suitable for residential purposes under its scheme called "The New Alipore Land Development Scheme No. XV ". The Society offered such plots for sale. One such plot, being plot No. 77 in block " E " of the said Scheme, was agreed, by an agreement dated January 10, 1946, to be sold to the assessee at the rate of Rs. 2,550 /- per katha. In pursuance of the said agree-ment, the assessee paid to the Society, a sum of (2) S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 849 Rs. 13,099/- being 10% of the estimated price of the x959 plot with an approximate area of 51 kathas, which Saro} Kumar subsequently, on exact measurement, was found to Mazunidar be 45·56 kathas. Subsequently, on the acceptance v, of his offer, the appellant paid another sum ofThe Commissioner Rs. 19,649 (omitting annas), being 15% of the estimat-of Income-tax, ed price. Thus, in all, a sum of Rs. 32,748/- being West Bengal, 25% of the estimated total price of the land, was Calcutta paid by the assessee to. th'tl Society. All this area Sinha 1. which the Society had undertaken to develop and sell to different purchasers in small plots, was in occupation of the Government, which had requisi-tioned it for purposes connected with the prosecu-tion of the Second World War. Hence, one of the terms of the transaction between the assessee and the Society, was that the transaction of purchase would be completed within six months of the lands being releas-ed from Government occupation. It was further stipulated that the assessee would be entitled to apply, within three months of the receipt of the notice of de-requisition, for extension of time not exceeding one year, for the completion of the transaction on the con-dition that he paid interest at the rate of 7% per annum on the outstanding amount, during the extend-ed period. If the assessee, as purchaser, paid to the Society another sum which, together with Rs. 32,748/-, already paid, would amount to 50% of the total price of the plot in question (within six months of the notice of de-requisition), he could get a conveyance of the pro-perty on his executing an English Mortgage for the remaining 50% of the price carrying interest at the rate of 7%, on the expiry of these aforesaid six months. As there was an apprehension that the Government might acquire the whole property for its own purpose, it was further stipulated that in the event of such an acquisition by Government, the agreement for sale would stand rescinded, and the assessee, in that event, would be entitled to re-payment of the amounts paid by him to the Society by way of advance for the com-pletion of the transaction. The assessee's case is that as the terms of the payment of purchase-price in seve-ral instalments, as aforesaid, were convenient to him, Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) इनउपरोक्तछहमहीनोंकीसमाप्तिपर7 प्रतिशतकीदरसेब्याजवहनकरनेवालेमूल्यकाशेष50 प्रतिशत।चूंकिएकआशंकाथीकिसरकार अपनेउद्देश्यकेलिएपूरीसंपत्तिकाअधिग्रहणकरसकताहै, यहआगेनिर्धारितकियागयाथाकिसरकारद्वाराइसतरहकेअधिग्रहणकीस्थितिमें, बिक्रीकेलिएसमझौतायहरद्दकरदियाजाएगाऔरनिर्धारिती, उसस्थितिमें, लेन-देनकोसमाप्तकरनेकेलिएअग्रिमरूपसेसोसायटीकोउसकेद्वाराभुगतानकीगईराशिकापुनःभुगतानकरनेकाहकदारहोगा।निर्धारितीकामामलायहहैकिजैसाकिउपरोक्तसातकिश्तोंमेंखरीद-मूल्यकेभुगतानकीशर्तेंउसकेलिएसुविधाजनकथीं, 107 850 सर्वोच्चन्यायालयकीरिपोर्ट[1959] पूरक। 1959 उन्होंनेसरोजकुमारकेलिएएकआवासीयघरबनानेऔरअपनीमजूमदारव्यावसायिकगतिविधिकेसंबंधमेंएककार्यशालाकानिर्माणकरनेकेउद्देश्यसेउपरोक्तशर्तोंपरभूखंडलेनेपरसहमतिव्यक्तकी।द्वितीयविश्ववीकेअंतमें। -आयुक्तयुद्ध, निर्धारितीकीनिर्माणगतिविधियोंनेआयकर, गिरावटटकीशुरुआतकी, औरपश्चिमबंगालकीतत्कालकोईसंभावनानहींथी, जिसभूमिकीसरकारद्वारामांगकीजारहीथी।उनपरिस्थितियोंमें, निर्धारितीनेसिन्हाजे. कोसोसायटीकेसाथसमझौतेकेतहतअपनेअधिकारोंकोनेपालकीरानीयुद्धराज्यदेवीकोसौंपनेकेलिएबातचीतकी।ऐसाप्रतीतहोताहैकिरानीनेसाजिशकीकल्पनाकीथीऔरअपीलार्थीकोएकआकर्षकप्रस्तावदियाथा।इसलिए, पक्षोंकेबीचपत्रोंकेआदान-प्रदानकेबाद, उनकेबीचयहसहमतिहुईकिरुपयेकीराशि।1,07,000 जबतकविक्रेताकेरूपमें-सोसायटीऔरविक्रेताकेरूपमेंरानीयाउसकेनामितव्यक्तिकेबीचबिक्रीकालेनदेननिष्पादितनहींकियाजाताऔररुपयेकीराशिकाभुगतानकरनेकेलिएउसकेवचनपरखरीदकेलेनदेनकोअंतिमरूपनहींदियाजाता, तबतकरानीद्वारानिर्धारितीकेपासअनिश्चितखातेमेंजमाकियाजाएगा।98,000 सोसायटीकेलिएविषम, जोबिक्रीकीबकायाराशि-थीनिर्धारितीद्वारासोसाइटीसेखरीदेजानेकेलिएसहमतभूखंडकेसंबंधमेंमूल्य।काफीपत्राचारकेबाद, 27 दिसंबर, 1950 कोसोसायटीनेउक्तभूखंडकेसंबंधमेंउक्तरानीकीबेटीकोविक्रेताकेरूपमेंएकहस्तांतरणविलेखनिष्पादितकिया।पूर्वकथितविक्रेतानेसोसायटीकेपक्षमेंरुपयेकीबकायाराशिकेलिएबंधककाएकविलेखनिष्पादितकिया।50,900 / - , रुपयेकेभुगतानकेबाद।32,700 समाजकेलिएअजीब।परिणामस्वरूप, निर्धारितीको3 अप्रैल, 1947 कोरु।1,07,000 रानीसेभिन्न, उसकेऔरनिर्धारितीकेबीचसमझौतेकेअनुसार।सोसायटीऔररानीकेनामितव्यक्तिकेबीचबिक्री-विलेखकेनिष्पादनतक, निर्धारिती10 जनवरी, 1946 केसमझौतेकेसंबंधमेंसोसायटीकेप्रतिउत्तरदायीबनारहा।इसप्रकार, निर्धारितीकोरानीसेरुपयेकीराशिप्राप्तहुई।74,000 उसकेद्वारासोसायटीकोदीगईराशिसेअधिक।विचाराधीनभूखंडसहितसंपत्तिकाअधिग्रहणनहींकियागयाथा 1949 मेंकुछसमयतक। निर्धारणवर्ष1948-49 केसंबंधमें, गधोंनेअपनीआयकाविवरणीआयकरमेंदाखिलकिया(2) एस. सी. आर. सर्वोच्चन्यायालयरिपोर्ट 851 विभाग, रुपयेकानुकसानदिखारहाहै।2,000 केलिएअजीब 1959 वित्तीयवर्ष1947-48।एसकेतहतनोटिसकेअनुसरणमें।23 ( 2 ) आय-करअधिनियमकेनिर्धारितीए. पी. सरोजकुमारमजूमदार आयकरअधिकारी, कलकत्ताकेसमक्षपेशकियागया, और --अपनेबैंकदकमिश्नरखातोंसहितअपनीसभीलेखापुस्तकेंप्रस्तुतकीं।आयकरअधिकारी, आयकर, खातोंकीजांचकरनेऔरनिर्धारितीसेपूछताछकरनेकेबाद, पश्चिमबंगाल, कलकत्ता -इसनिष्कर्षपरपहुंचेकिनिर्धारितीनेरुपयेकालाभकमायाथा।74,000 क्यूमेंलेनदेनसेअजीब सिन्हाजे। उनकेअनुसार, यहव्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यथा।इसलिए, निर्धारितीकेखातोंकीजांचकरनेपर, आयकरअधिकारीनेरुपयेकीराशिकोशामिलकिया।74,485 / - "व्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंसाहस" सेलाभकेरूपमें-एसकेतहतकर10 आय--1948-49 योग्य।करअधिनियमनिर्धारणवर्षकेदौराननिर्धारितीकोअर्जितआयकीवस्तुओंमेंसेएककेरूपमें।निर्धारितीनेआयकरकेअपीलीयसहायकआयुक्तकेपासअपीलकीऔरआयकरअधिकारीकेइसनिष्कर्षकोचुनौतीदीकिरु।74,000 व्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यसेहोनेवालालाभअजीबथा।यहभीउनकेद्वाराअपीलकेआधारोंमेंसेएककेरूपमेंलियागयाथाकिकिसीभीस्थितिमें, लेन-देनकेबादही1950 मेंनिर्धारितीकोरसीदअर्जितकीगईथी।रानीकेबीचमेंबिक्रीपूरीहोगईथी। -नामांकितव्यक्तिऔरसमाज।अपीलीयसहायकआयुक्तआयकरसेसहमतनहींथे अधिकारीकिनिर्धारितीइसस्थितिमेंनहींथाकिवहखरीदकेलेन-देनकोपूरीराशिकाभुगतानकरकेपूराकरसके, याउसपरएकभवनकानिर्माणकरसके, याकिसीअन्यतरीकेसेभूमिकाउपयोगकरसके।उन्होंनेबतायाकिइसयोजनाके50 तहतसोसायटीनेकिश्तोंपरखरीदकीशर्तोंऔरबेचीगईसंपत्तिकेसंबंधमेंबंधककेनिष्पादनपरप्रतिफलराशिकेप्रतिशतकीसीमातककीपेशकशकीथी।उन्होंनेयहभीबतायाकिनिर्धारितीनेरुपयेकीसीमातककाफीनिवेशकियाथा।2,45,000 / - विभिन्नसीमितचिंताओंकेशेयरोंमें।इसलिए, वहइसनिष्कर्षपरपहुंचेकिनिर्धारितीएकसाधनसंपन्नव्यक्तिथा, औरयहनहींकहाजासकताकिउसकाअपनेउपयोगकेलिएभूखंडखरीदनेकाइरादानहींथा।उन्होंनेआगेकहाकिखरीदकेसमयलाभकमानेकाउद्देश्यविभाग, 852 सर्वोच्चन्यायालयरिपोर्ट[1959] सपद्वारास्थापितनहींकियागयाथा। इननिष्कर्षोंसे, उन्होंनेखुदकोसरोजकुमारकेआयकरअधिकारीकेनिष्कर्षकीपुष्टिमजूमदारथा व्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यसे।उसनेलेलिया। Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) इननिष्कर्षोंसे, उन्होंनेखुदकोसरोजकुमारकेआयकरअधिकारीकेनिष्कर्षकीपुष्टिमजूमदारथा व्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यसे।उसनेलेलिया। आयुक्तकाविचारथाकिअपीलार्थीनेआयकरकानिवेशकियाथा, जिसकेमूल्यमेंकाफीवृद्धिहुईथीऔरपश्चिमबंगाल, यहनिस्संदेहपूंजीकेमूल्यांकनकामामलाथा।कलकत्तानेइसे"पूंजीगतलाभ" केरूपमेंमानतेहुए, वेसिन्हाजे. केइसभ्रममेंआगएकिचूंकिभुगतान1947 मेंकियागयाथा, इसलिएअर्जितलाभउसवर्षमेंहुआ, नकिवर्ष1950 में, जैसाकिनिर्धारितीकीओरसेतर्कदियागयाथा।नतीजतन, उन्होंनेउसेपूंजीगतलाभकरकाभुगतानकरनेकेलिएउत्तरदायीबनादिया। विभागनेआयकरअपीलीयन्यायाधिकरणमेंअपीलकी, जिसने26 मार्च, 1954 केअपनेफैसलेसेअपीलकोस्वीकारकरलिया।न्यायाधिकरणनेबतायाकिनिर्धारितीइतनेबड़ेसाधनवालाव्यक्तिनहींथाकिवहअपनेआवासीययाव्यावसायिकउद्देश्योंकेलिएभूखंडप्राप्तकरनेकेबारेमेंसोचे।रुपयेमूल्यकेस्वीकृतशेयर।2,45,000 / - न्यायाधिकरणनेबतायाकिउसकेनामपरखड़ेहोकर, निर्धारितीद्वारा, प्रमुखहिस्सेकेसंबंधमें, अपनेपरिवारकेअन्यसदस्योंकीओरसेअभिनिर्धारितकियागयाथा।न्यायाधिकरणनेभी यहदेखाकिरु।32,748 / - निर्धारितीद्वारासोसायटीकोदियागयाभुगतानउधारलीगईराशिसेकियागयाथा।यह ऐसाप्रतीतहोताहैकिनिष्कर्षवास्तवमेंअच्छीतरहसेआधारितनहींथा।खातेनिर्धारितीकेपक्षमेंएकबड़ीराशिके"क्रेडिटटकोदर्शातेहैं।न्यायाधिकरणनेयहभीबतायाकिनिस्संदेहनिर्धारितीएकउत्सुकव्यवसायीहैऔरउसकेकईविविधव्यावसायिकहितहैं।मानलीजिए, वहलगभगएककेनिर्देशकहैं दर्जनभरचिंताएँऔरदोयातीनकेप्रबंधनिदेशक।वहएकइंजीनियरिंगसंस्थानमेंभागीदारहैजोकईनिर्माणऔरअन्यअनुबंधकार्योंकोकररहाहै।वेप्रोफेसरसायनद्वाराएकइंजीनियरहैंऔरकलकत्ताकेनिवासीहैं।न्यायाधिकरणनेअपनेनिष्कर्षपरआधारितकियाकिबिक्रीव्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यथा, औरइसप्रकारकिएगएलाभ, -1. निम्नलिखितआधारोंपरआयकरकेलिएआकलनयोग्यथेःकिनिर्धारितीद्वाराकंपनीकोभुगतान ऑपरेटिवसोसाइटी, रु।32,748 / - , एककंपनीसेइसउद्देश्यकेलिएलिएगएऋणसेनिकला(जोनिष्कर्ष, जैसाकिपहलेहीबतायागयाहै, उसकंपनीकीलेखापुस्तकोंमेंप्रविष्टियोंद्वारावहननहींकियाजाताहै); (2) एस. सी. आर. 853 2.सर्वोच्चन्यायालयकीरिपोर्ट किनिर्धारितीभुगताननहींकरसकताथा 1959 रुपयेकीशेषराशि।98,000 अजीब, बकायाराशि सरोजकुमार खरीद-पैसा, बीमाकंपनीको; मजूमदार 3. किनिर्धारितीकेपासनिर्माणकरनेकाकोईसाधननहींथा जमीनपरघर, औरअंतमें, आयुक्त 4. किसाइटटकोस्वयंकोईआयनहींमिली, इसप्रकार, -आयकर, यहदर्शाताहैकि यहएकनिवेशनहींहोसकताहैलेकिनकेवल कलकत्ता व्यापारकेक्षेत्रमेंएकभ्रमण।अपीलीयन्यायाधिकरणकेइसनिर्णयकेविरुद्ध, सिन्हाजे। निर्धारितीनेइसन्यायालयकारुखकियाऔरअपीलकरनेकेलिएविशेषअनुमतिप्राप्तकी। इससेपहलेकिहमकॉनमेंमुख्यप्रश्नसेनिपटें इसअपीलमें, हमइसमामलेमेंशामिलप्रश्नोंकीप्रकृतिपरकुछसामान्यटिप्पणियांकरनाचाहेंगे।प्रत्यर्थीकीओरसेयहविवादितनहींहैकिअबहमारेसामनेजोप्रश्नहै, वहकानूनकाप्रश्नहै, यातथ्यऔरकानूनकामिश्रितप्रश्नहै, जैसाकिहालहीमेंइसन्यायालयद्वाराजी. वेंकटटस्वामीनायडूऔरकंपनीकेमामलेमेंनिर्धारितकियागयाहै।आयआयुक्त-कर(1)।अदालतकीओरसेबोलतेहुए, गजेंद्रगडकर, जे., निर्णयोंकीविस्तृतचर्चाकेबाद।इसन्यायालयकीमीनाक्षीमिल्स, मदुरैबनाम।कमिज आय-करनिदेशक, मद्रास(2) औरदओरिएंटटलइन्वेस्टटमेंटटकंपनीलिमिटेडv.आय-करआयुक्त, बॉम्बे(3), औरहाउसऑफलॉर्ड्स, एडवर्ड्सबनाम।बेयरस्टो(1), इसनिष्कर्षपरपहुंचेकिमामलेमेंउत्पन्नहोनेवालाप्रश्न, कानूनऔरतथ्यकाएकमिश्रितप्रश्नहै, औरइसलिए, इसन्यायालयद्वाराजांचकेलिएखुलाहै।जी. वेंकटटस्वामीनायडूएंडकंपनीबनामआय-करआयुक्त(ऊपर), जोसवालउठायागयाथा, वहबिल्कुलहमारेसामनेअबकेसवालकेसमानथा, हालांकि ---तथ्योंकीअलगअलगसेटिंग।उनकानिष्कर्षउनकेअपनेशब्दोंमेंइसप्रकारकहाजासकताहैः " दूसरेशब्दोंमें, इसनिष्कर्षपरपहुंचनेमेंकि लेन-देनव्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यहै, न्यायाधिकरणकोप्राथमिकसाक्ष्यतथ्योंकापतालगानाहोताहैऔर"" फिरएसद्वाराउपयोगकिएजानेवालेव्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंसाहसिककार्यमेंशामिलकानूनीसिद्धांतोंकोलागूकरनाहोताहै।2 , उप-एस।( 4 ) .यहपेटेंटटहैकिखंड'व्यापारकीप्रकृतिमें' (1) ए. आई. आर. 1959 एस. सी. 359 मेंकुछतत्वोंकेअस्तित्वकोस्वीकारकरताहै। ( 2 ) [ 1956 ] एससीआर691। ( 3 ) [ 1958 ] एस. सी. आर. 49. ( 4 ) 36 टी. सी. 207 854 सर्वोच्चन्यायालयकीरिपोर्ट[1959] पूरक। 1959 साहसजोकानूनमेंइसेएकव्यापारयाव्यवसायकेचरित्रकेसाथनिवेशकरेगा; औरजोकरेगा सावोजकुमाय मिश्रितकानूनकाप्रश्नऔरउसकानिर्णयऔर मजूमदार "।तथ्य .वी आयुक्तइसमामलेकेदृष्टिकोणसे, इसन्यायालयनेआयकरकीओरइशाराकरतेहुएकहाकिइसप्रश्नकाअधिकउचितरूपपश्चिमबंगालहै। क्या, तथ्योंऔरपरिस्थितियोंमेंसाबितहुआ कलकत्ता मामला, अनुमानहैकिविचाराधीनलेनदेनव्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यकानूनन्यायसंगतहै सिन्हाजे। Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) z959 he agreed to take the plot on the conditions aforesaid, with a view to building a residential house for himself Saroj Kuniar d • k h · · · h h' Mazumdar an constructmg a wor s op m connection wit 1s v. business activity. At the end of the Second World The Commissioner War, the assessee's construction activities began to to of Income·t•>. decline, and there was no immediate prospect of the West Bengal, land in question being de-requisitioned by Government. Calcutta I th · h · d c h n ose mrcumstances, t e assessee negotiate 1or t e Sinha J. assignment of his rights under the agreement with the Society, to Rani Yuddha Rajya Devi of Nepal. The Itani appeared to have taken a fancy to the plot and to have made an attractive offer to the appellant. Hence, after exchange of letters between the parties, it was agreed between them that a sum of Rs. 1,07;000 odd would be deposited by the Rani with the assessee on suspense account until the transaction of sale between the Society as the vendor and the Rani or her nominee, as the vendee, would be executed and the transaction of purchase finalised upon her undertaking - to pay the sum of Rs. 98,000 odd to the Society, which was the outstanding amount of the sale-price in respect of the plot agreed by the assessee to be purchased by him from the Society. After a good deal of correspond-ence, on December 27, ,1950, the Society executed a deed of conveyance in respect of the said plot, to the daughter of the said Rani as the vendee. The afore-said vendee executed a deed of mortgage in favour of the Society for the outstanding amount of Rs. 50,900/-, after payment of Rs. 32,700 odd to the Society. In the result, the assessee received, on April 3, 194 7, a sum of Rs. 1,07,000 odd from the Rani, in pursuance of the agreement between her and the assessee. Until the execution of the sale-deed between the Society and the Rani's nominee, as aforesaid, the assessee continued to be liable to the Society in respect of the agreement of January 10, 1946. The assessee, thus, received from the Rani a sum of Rs. 74,000 odd in excess of the amount paid by him to the Society. The property, including the plot in question, was not de-requisitioned until some time in 1949. The Commissioner War, the assessee's construction activities began to to In respect of the assessment year 1948-49, the asses- see filed a return of his income to the Income-tax • Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) The Commissioner War, the assessee's construction activities began to to In respect of the assessment year 1948-49, the asses- see filed a return of his income to the Income-tax • Department, showing a loss of Rs. 2,000 odd for the . x959 financial year 194 7-48. In pursuance of the notice Saroj Kumar under s. 23(2) of the Income-tax Act, the assessee ap-Mazumdar peared before the Income-tax Officer, Calcutta, and v. produced all his books of account, including his bank The Commissioner accounts. The Income-tax Officer, on an examination of Income-tax, of the accounts and after questioning the assessee West Bengal, came to t e cone usion t h ' l . h at t e assessee h had made a ' Calcutta profit of Rs. 74,000 odd from the transaction in ques-Sinha J. tion, which, according to him, was an adventure in the nature of trade. Hence, on an examination of the assessee's accounts, the Income-tax Officer included the sum of Rs. 74,485/- as profit from an "adventure in the nature of trade "-taxable under s. 10 of the Income-tax Act-as one of the items of income accru-ed to the assessee during the assessment year 1948-49. The assessee went up in appeal to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner of Income-tax, and challenged the conelusioh of the Income-tax Officer that the sum of Rs. 74,000 odd was profit from an adventure in the nature of trade. It was also taken as one of the grounds of appeal by him that in any event, the receipt accru-ed to the assessee only in 1950, after the transaction of sale had been completed as between the Rani's nominee and the Society. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner did not agree with the Income-tax Officer that the assessee was not in a position either to complete the transaction of purchase by paying the full amount of consideration, or to erect a building thereon, or to use the land in any ot,her way. He pointed out that under the Scheme, the Society had offered terms of purchase on instalments and on execu-tion of a mortgage in respect of the vended property to the extent of 50% of the consideration money. He also pointed out that the assessee had considerable investments to the extent of Rs. 2,45,000/- in shares of different limited concerns. He, therefore, came to the conclusion that the assessee was a man of means, and that it could not be said that he had not intended to purchase the plot for his own use. He further held that the motive of making a profit at the time of the purchase, had not been established by the Department, • 852 '959 and that it was a " solitary transaction ". On these findings, he found himself unable to confirm the Saroj [( uniar Mazumdar finding of the Income-tax Officer that the profit was v. from an adventure in the nature of trade. He took The Commission" the view that the appellant had made an investment of Inoome tax, which had appreciated considerably in value, and that West ,s-•gal, it was undoubtedly a case of appreciation of capital. ca cutta Treating it as a "Capital Gain", he came to the con-Sinha 1. clusion that as the payment had been made in 1947, the gain accrued in that year and not in the year 1950, as contended on behalf of the assessee. In the result, he made him liable to pay Capital Gains tax. Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) ( 3 ) [ 1958 ] एस. सी. आर. 49. ( 4 ) 36 टी. सी. 207 854 सर्वोच्चन्यायालयकीरिपोर्ट[1959] पूरक। 1959 साहसजोकानूनमेंइसेएकव्यापारयाव्यवसायकेचरित्रकेसाथनिवेशकरेगा; औरजोकरेगा सावोजकुमाय मिश्रितकानूनकाप्रश्नऔरउसकानिर्णयऔर मजूमदार "।तथ्य .वी आयुक्तइसमामलेकेदृष्टिकोणसे, इसन्यायालयनेआयकरकीओरइशाराकरतेहुएकहाकिइसप्रश्नकाअधिकउचितरूपपश्चिमबंगालहै। क्या, तथ्योंऔरपरिस्थितियोंमेंसाबितहुआ कलकत्ता मामला, अनुमानहैकिविचाराधीनलेनदेनव्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यकानूनन्यायसंगतहै सिन्हाजे। "धोखादिया।इसन्यायालयकेहालकेफैसलेकीजांचकीगईहैलगभगसभीप्रासंगिकमामलोंकाफैसलाभारतीयमेंकियागयाऔरअंग्रेजीऔरस्कॉचअदालतें, औरइसप्रकार, हमाराकार्यवर्तमानमामलेकोबहुतसरलबनायागयाहै।इसमेंहै।उसमामलेमेंआगेदेखागया, एकसेअधिकबार,किन्यायिकरायसर्वसम्मतथीकिकोईसामान्यनहींसिद्धांतयासार्वभौमिकपरीक्षणनिर्धारितकिएजासकतेहैं, जोउनसभीमामलोंकेनिर्णयकोनियंत्रितकरसकताहैजिनमेंनिर्धारणकेलिएप्रश्नअबकेसमानहैहमारेसामने।प्रत्येकमामलेकोकुलकेआधारपरनिर्धारितकियाजानाचाहिएसभीद्वारान्यायालयकेदिमागपरबनाईगईछापउसविशेषमेंप्रकटटतथ्यऔरपरिस्थितियाँमामला।इसलिए, कोईभीनिश्चितमामला, कड़ाईसेबोलतेहुए, नहींकरसकताहै,एकउदाहरणहोजोएककेनिर्णयकोनियंत्रितकरसकताहैबादकामामला, जिसमेंएकसमानप्रश्नशामिलहै।वेनिर्णयसायनकाउपयोगकेवलचित्रोंकेमाध्यमसेकियाजासकताहै-विभिन्नदृष्टिकोणऐसेबिंंदुजिनकाइसपरप्रभावपड़ताहैहाथमेंमामलेकानिर्णय।यहभीनहींहुआहै1 उसमामलेमेंजहांकेतहतएकलेनदेनहैपरीक्षा, व्यवसायकीपंक्तिमेंनहींहैनिर्धारिती, औरएकपृथकयाएकलउदाहरणहै-इसतरहकेलेनदेनकाबोझराजस्वपरपड़ताहैमामलेकोक़ानूनकेशब्दोंकेभीतरलानेकेलिए,अर्थात्, कियहप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यथाव्यापार।किजिम्मेदारीविभागकीहै,स्पष्टरूपसेमामलेमेंलॉर्डगार्माउंटटद्वारानिर्धारितकियागयाहै अंतर्देशीयराजस्वआयुक्तबनाम।पुनर्स्थापितकरें(1)।वहएकऐसामामलाथाजिसमेंप्रत्यर्थी, निर्धारिती, काव्यवसायचलानेवालीकंपनीकानिदेशकथा गोदाममालिक, औरजानूमेंचारघरखरीदेथे एरी, 1945, औरदिसंबर, 1947 मेंउन्हेंलाभपरबेचदिया। उन्होंनेस्वीकारकियाकिउन्होंनेएककेसाथसंपत्तिखरीदीथी ( 1 ) 34 टी. सी. 389,393। ( 2 ) एस. सी. आर. सुप्रीमकोर्टरिपोर्ट855 दृश्यपुनर्विक्रयकेलिए, औरअपनेएजेंटोंकोबेचनेकानिर्देशदियाथा 1959 जबभीकोईउपयुक्तखरीदारआगेहोताहैतोवहीहोताहै सरोजकुमार आरहाहै।निर्धारितीकोकरकेलिएउत्तरदायीबनायागयाथा मजूमदार पुनर्विक्रयपरउसकेद्वाराकिएगएलाभकासम्मान।उसपर .वी -सामान्यआयोगकेसमक्षनिर्धारितीद्वाराएकअपील कमिश्नर इसलिए, उनकीओरसेयहतर्कदियागयाथाकिपुनर्विक्रयपरआयकरकालाभकरयोग्यनहींथा।क्राउनकीओरसे, पश्चिमबंगाल, कलकत्ता -यहतर्कदियागयाकिखरीदकालेनदेनऔर विचाराधीनबिक्री, प्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यथा सिन्हाजे। --व्यापारका, औरइसलिए, लेनदेनसेउत्पन्नहोनेवालेलाभ, आयकरकेलिएप्रभार्यथे।सामान्यआयुक्तोंनेसमानरूपसेविभाजितहोनेकेकारणअपीलकोस्वीकारकरलिया।सत्रन्यायालय(प्रथमप्रभाग) द्वारायहअभिनिर्धारितकियागयाथाकियहतथ्यकिसंपत्तिकोपुनर्विक्रयकीदृष्टिसेखरीदागयाथा, अपनेआपमेंयहस्थापितनहींकरताहैकिलेन-देनव्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यथा, औरइसलिए, आयुक्तोंद्वारानिर्धारणकानूनमेंउचितथा।न्यायालयनेउसनिष्कर्षपरपहुँचतेसमयइसविचारकोध्यानमेंरखाकिप्रत्यर्थीसंपत्तिअभिकर्तानहींथाऔरउसकाव्यवसायकिसीभीतरहसेसंपत्तिकीखरीदऔरबिक्रीसेजुड़ानहींथा।यहएकअलगलेनदेनथा, भलेहीनिर्धारितीनेएकहोटटलखरीदाथाऔरदससालपहलेइसेफिरसेबेचदियाथा।न्यायालयनेलीमिंगबनामकेमामलेमेंलॉर्डबकमास्टटरकीनिम्नलिखितटिप्पणियोंकासंदर्भदिया।जोन्स(1):--- ...... पूँजीमेंवृद्धिनहींहोतीहै आयकेवलइसलिएकिमूलपूंजीकानिवेशइसउम्मीदऔरअपेक्षामेंकियागयाथाकिइसकामूल्यबढ़ेगा; यदिऐसाहोताहै, तोइसकीप्राप्तिइसेआयनहींबनातीहै। उसनिर्णयकोवर्तमानमामलेकेसाथरखतेहुए, आइएदेखेंकिइसकीमुख्यविशेषताएंक्याहैं।यद्यपिअपीलार्थीसीमितदेयतासंबंधीचिंताओंमेंएकशेयरधारकयानिदेशककेरूपमेंविभिन्नप्रकारकेव्यवसायमेंलगाहुआहै, साथहीअनुबंधोंकेनिर्माणमेंभी, भूसम्पत्तियोंमेंलेनदेनउसकाव्यवसायनहींहै।यदिइसतरहकालेन-देनउनकेव्यवसायकेदायरेमेंहोता, तो -इससेकोईफर्कनहींपड़ताकिमूल्यांकनवर्षमेंउनकेपासइसतरहकेकईलेनदेनथेयाकेवलएक।यहाँतककिएकभी(1) (1930) ए. सी. 415,420। 856 सर्वोच्चन्यायालयकीरिपोर्ट[1959] पूरक। Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) उसनिर्णयकोवर्तमानमामलेकेसाथरखतेहुए, आइएदेखेंकिइसकीमुख्यविशेषताएंक्याहैं।यद्यपिअपीलार्थीसीमितदेयतासंबंधीचिंताओंमेंएकशेयरधारकयानिदेशककेरूपमेंविभिन्नप्रकारकेव्यवसायमेंलगाहुआहै, साथहीअनुबंधोंकेनिर्माणमेंभी, भूसम्पत्तियोंमेंलेनदेनउसकाव्यवसायनहींहै।यदिइसतरहकालेन-देनउनकेव्यवसायकेदायरेमेंहोता, तो -इससेकोईफर्कनहींपड़ताकिमूल्यांकनवर्षमेंउनकेपासइसतरहकेकईलेनदेनथेयाकेवलएक।यहाँतककिएकभी(1) (1930) ए. सी. 415,420। 856 सर्वोच्चन्यायालयकीरिपोर्ट[1959] पूरक। 1959 भूसम्पत्तियोंमेंलेन-देनकालेन-देन, उनकेव्यवसायकाएकहिस्साहोनेकेनाते, आयकरकेलिएउत्तरदायीहोगा, यदिउसलेन-देनमेंसरोजकुमारकोलाभहोताहै।लेकिन, निश्चितरूपसे, मजूमदारकाविचाराधीनलेन-देनअपनीतरहकाएकमात्रलेन-देनहै, आयुक्तजिसमेंसेअपीलार्थीनेआय-करकाकाफीहिस्साकमायाहै, लाभजोपश्चिमबंगालकीप्रकृतिकाप्रतीतहोताहै, अप्रत्याशितहै।जबउन्होंनेजनवरी, 1946 मेंकलकत्ताकेसाथभूखंडकीखरीदकेलिएसोसायटीकासमझौताकिया, तोउन्हेंउम्मीदथीकिदुनियाकेअंतमें सिन्हाजे। युद्धमें, सरकारअपनीमांगसेसंपत्तिकोमुक्तकरदेगी, औरयहकिसोसायटीआवश्यकसड़केंबिछाकरऔरभूखंडधारकोंकोअन्यसुविधाएंप्रदानकरकेभूमिकाविकासकरेगी।लेकिनक्योंकिसरकारनेसंपत्तिकोजारीनहींकिया, औरअपीलकर्ताकेरूपमेंएकव्यापारीथा, जोअपनीराजधानीसेवापसीमेंरुचिरखताथा, औरक्योंकिवहपहलेहीरुपयेकाभुगतानकरचुकाथा।32,000 शुद्धपीछामूल्यकीओरबढ़नेकेकारण, और1947 में, द्वितीयविश्वयुद्धकेअंतमें, धोखाधड़ीकेनिर्माणकेअनुबंधोंमेंउनकेव्यवसायमेंगिरावटटआनेलगी, स्वाभाविकरूपसे, उन्होंनेसौदेबाजीकासबसेअच्छाउपयोगकरनेकेबारेमेंसोचा।यदिवहलेन-देनसेबाहरनहींनिकलताहै, तोसमझौतेकेतहतअपनीआगेकीदेनदारियोंकोपूराकरनेमेंउसकीवित्तीयकठिनाइयों, उसकेमुख्यव्यवसायमेंमंदीकेपरिणामस्वरूप, रुपयेकीअग्रिमराशिजब्तहोसकतीहै।32,000 अजीबबातहै, वहस्वाभाविकरूपसेएकअच्छेखरीदारकीतलाशमेंहोगा।वहभाग्यशालीथाकिउसेएकऐसीमहिलामिलीजिसकेपासखर्चकरनेकेलिएबहुतपैसाथा, जिसने, जैसाकिउसनेआरोपलगायाथा, विचाराधीनभूखंडकोपसंदकियाथा।इसप्रकार, वहउसेसोसायटीकेसाथअपनेसमझौतेकालाभउनशर्तोंपरदेसकताथाजोउसकेलिएअत्यधिकलाभदायकथीं।इसकाकोईस्पष्टप्रमाणनहींहै।अपीलीयन्यायाधिकरणकेइसनिष्कर्षकेसमर्थनमेंकिभूमि-कोबादमेंलाभपरबेचनेकेएकमात्रइरादेसेखरीदागयाथा।न्यायाधिकरणनेविचारकिया।इसलेनदेनकेसंबंधमेंदोविकल्प-एक, किभूमिएकअवशिष्टगृहबनानेकेलिएखरीदीगईथी, औरदूसरा, किइसेबादमेंलाभकेलिएबेचनेकीउम्मीदमेंखरीदागयाथा।पहलावैकल्पिक, न्यायाधिकरणनेइसआधारपरखारिजकरदियाकिऐसालगताहैकिउनकेपासबहुतअधिकसाधननहींहैं।यहअपनेआपमेंएकऐसाकथनहैजिसकीगहनजांचनहींकीजातीहै।पूर्र्तीदोवर्षोंकेदौरानमूल्यांकनकेतहतवर्षकेदौरान, अपीलार्थीने(2) एस. सी. आर. सर्वोच्चन्यायालयरिपोर्ट857 काआकलनआय-करकेरूपमेंकियाथा। 53,000 / - और 1959 रु.59,000 / - , जैसाकिपहलेहीबतायाजाचुकाहै।यहउधारनहींदेताहै सरोजकुमार इसअनुमानकोस्वीकारकरनाकिअपीलार्थीनहींथा मजूमदार साधनोंकाआदमी।मानलीजिए, वहविपणनयोग्यथा लगभग2 लाखरुपयेकेमूल्यकेशेयरोंपर, हालांकिआयुक्तनेअपनेनामकेसभीशेयरोंपरआयकरकादावानहींकियाथा।जाहिरातौरपरवेपश्चिमबंगाल, कलकत्ताकीओरबढ़रहेथे तत्कालपूर्र्तीअवधिकेदौरानएकलाभदायकव्यवसाय वर्षोंसे।यहसचहैकिमूल्यांकनकेवर्षमें, उसके सिन्हाजे। अपनेआय-करविवरणीमेंउनकाप्रदर्शनकरतेहुए, उन्हेंनुकसानउठानापड़ाथा, लेकिनयहउनकेभाग्यमेंएकमहत्वपूर्णमोड़होसकताहै, औरयहआवश्यकरूपसेइसनिष्कर्षपरनहींलेजाएगाकिवेसोसायटीकेसाथसमझौतेकीतारीखको-एकअच्छीवित्तीयस्थितिमेंनहींथे।ऐसाहोसकताहैकिआनेवालेवर्षोंमेंअपनेव्यवसायमेंफलनेफूलनेकीउनकीउम्मीदेंद्वितीयविश्वयुद्धकेसमापनकेबादपूरीनहींहुईं।लेकिनयहमानतेहुएभीकिन्यायाधिकरणदूसरेविकल्पकेबारेमेंअपनेनिष्कर्षमेंसहीथा, अर्थात्, किखरीदथी पुनर्विक्रयकेबादलाभकमानेकीउम्मीदमेंकियागया, मामलासमाप्तनहींहुआहै।इससंबंधमें, अंतर्देशीयराजस्वआयुक्तबनाममेंनिर्णयकेलिएफिरसेएकसंदर्भदियाजासकताहै।रीइनहोल्ड(ऊपर), पीपर।392 , जहाँराजस्वकीओरसेयहतर्कदियागयाथाकि किसीलेन-देनमेंकियागयालाभ, जोमूल्यमेंवृद्धिकीआशाऔरअपेक्षामेंनिवेशकीप्रकृतिकाथा, पूंजीमेंवृद्धिहोसकतीहै, लेकिनयदिखरीदकेसमय, खरीदारनेलाभहोनेकीस्थितिमेंसंपत्तिकोबेचनेकासंकल्पलियाथा, औरउसकेएजेंटोंकोसहमतिसेनिर्देशजारीकिएगएथे।वास्तवमें, लेन-देनकोएकनिवेशकेरूपमेंनहींमानाजासकताथा, लेकिनवास्तवमेंव्यापारकीप्रकृतिमेंएकसाहसिककार्यथा, औरइसप्रकारकिएगएलाभकोआयकेरूपमेंमानाजानाचाहिए।इसतर्ककोमान्यनहींमानागया।उससंबंधमें, जोन्सबनामकेमामलेमेंलॉर्डडुनेडिनकीनिम्नलिखितटिप्पणियोंकासंदर्भदियागयाथा।लीमिंग(1):— ...... तथ्ययहहैकिएकआदमीकामतलबनहींहै निवेशरखनासबूतकीएकवस्तुहोसकतीहैजोयहदर्शातीहैकिक्यावहकोईव्यापारकररहाहैया(1) (1930) ए. सी. 415, पी.423 . 108 858 सर्वोच्चन्यायालयकीरिपोर्ट[1959] पूरक। Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) The Department went up in appeal to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, which, by its judgment dated March 26, 1954, allowed the appeal. The Tribunal pointed out that the assessee was not a man of such large means as to think of acquiring the plot for his own residential or business purposes. The admitted shares worth Rs. 2,45,000/- · standing in his name, the Tribunal pointed out, were held by the assessee, in respect of the major portion, on behalf of other members of his family. The Tribunal also observed that Rs. 32,748/- paid hy the assessee to the Society had been paid out of borrowed money. This conclusion does not appear to have been well-founded in fact. The accounts do show credits in favour of the assessee of a larger amount. The Tribunal also pointed out that undoubtedly the "assessee is a keen businessman and has a number of varied business interests. Admittedly, he is a director of about a dozen concerns and managing director of two or three. He is -/8/- annas partner in an Engineering concern which is carrying out a number of construction and other contract works. He is an Engineer by profes-sion and a resident of Calcutta." The Tribunal based its conclusion that the sale was an adventure in the nature of trade, and that the profits, thus made, were assessable to income-tax, on the following grounds:- 1. That the payment by the assessee to the Co-operative Society, of Rs. 32,748/-, came out of a loan taken for the purpose from a company (which conclu-sion, as already pointed out, is not borne out by the entries in the books of account of that company); 2. That the assessee could not have paid the c959 balance of Rs. 98,000 odd, the outstanding amount of the purchase.money, to the Insurance Company; Saroj I< umar Mazumdar 3. That the assessee had no means to construct a v. house on the land, and lastly, The Co1nmissioncr 4. That the site itself fetched no income, thus, of Income-tax, showing that it could not be an investment but only an excursion into the realm of trade. West Bengal, Calcutta Against this decision of the Appellate Tribunal, the assessee moved this Court and obtained special leave to appeal. Sinha 1. Before we deal with the main question in con-troversy in this appeal, we would like to make some general remarks on the nature of the questions involv-ed in this case. It is not disputed on behalf of the respondent that the question now before us, is a ques-tion of law, or a mixed question of fact and law, as has been recently laid down by this Court in the case of G. Venkataswami Naidu and Go. v. The Commissioner of Income-tax ([1]). Speaking for the Court, Gajendra-gadkar, J., after a detailed discussion of the decisions of this Court M eenakshi Mills, Madurai v. Commis-sioner of Income-tax, Madras (2) and The Oriental lnvestmi;,nt Go., Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay ([3]), and of the House of Lords, in Edwards v. Bairstow ([4]), came to the conclusion that the question arising in the case, is a mixed question of law and fact, and, therefore, open to examination by this Court. In G. V enkataswami N aid11, and Go. v. The Commissioner of Income-tax (supra), the question raised, was exactly similar to the question now ·before us, though in a different setting of facts. His conclusion may be stated in his own words as follows :- "In other words, in reaching the conclusion that the transaction is an adventure in the nature of trade, the tribunal has to find primary evidentiary facts and then apply the legal principles involved in the expres-sion "adventure in the nature of trade" used by s. 2, sub-s. (4). It is patent that the clause 'in the nature of trade' postulates the existence of certain elements in (1) A.I.R. 1959 S.C. 359. (2) [1956] S.C.R. 691; (3) [1958] S.C.R. 49'. (4) 36 T.C. 207 • • 854 the adventure which in Jaw would invest it with the character of a trade or business; and that would make the question and its decision one of mixed law and fact." '959 Saroj J(u1nar Mazumda, v. Case: SAROJ KUMAR MAZUMDAR versus THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA. [[1959] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 846] (1959) ...... तथ्य
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