Wp/8797/2022 Of Smt. Vasanthi Ramdas Pai v. The Income Tax Officer

IN THE HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA AT BENGALURU DATED THIS THE 12 DAY OF FEBRUARY, 2024 BEFORE THE HON'BLE MR JUSTICE KRISHNA S DIXIT -WRIT PETITION NO. 8797 OF 2022 (TIT)C/W-WRIT PETITION NO.8815 OF 2022 (TIT) IN W.P.NO.8797/2022: BETWEEN: SMT. VASANTHI RAMDAS PAI, AGED ABOUT 80 YEARS, W/O. DR. RAMDAS MADHAVA PAI, RESIDING AT 1, GEETHANJALI, MANIPAL-576 104, KARNATAKA, REPRESENTED THROUGH A POWER OF ATTORNEY HOLDER SHRI. RAJESH KRISHNASWAMY MOORTI, RESIDING AT NO. 908, 20 MAIN ROAD, BANASHANKARI II STAGE, BANGALORE SOUTH, BANGALORE-560 070, KARNATAKA. …PETITIONER (BY SRI.AJAY VOHRA, SENIOR COUNSEL A/W SRI.S K TULSIYAN, ADVOCATE AND MS. ANNAPOORNA S, ADVOCATE AND SRI. ABRAHAM JOSEPH, ADVOCATE) AND: 1.THE INCOME TAX OFFICER WARD 1 AND TPS, UDUPI, WARD 1 AND TPS, UDUPI, AAYAKAR BHAWAN, UDUPI MALPE ROAD, AMBALPADI POST, MANGALORE-576 103, KARNATAKA. R 2.THE ADDITIONAL COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX CENTRAL REVENUE BUILDING, ATTAVAR, MANGALORE-575 001, DAKSHINA KANNADA, KARNATAKA. CENTRAL REVENUE BUILDING, ATTAVAR, MANGALORE-575 001, DAKSHINA KANNADA, KARNATAKA. 3.THE PRINCIPAL COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX AAYAKAR BHAWAN, PANAJI REGION, PATTO EDC COMPLEX, PANAJI, GOA-403 001. AAYAKAR BHAWAN, PANAJI REGION, PATTO EDC COMPLEX, PANAJI, GOA-403 001. 4.UNION OF INDIA REPRESENTED THROUGH THE SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF FINANCE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, NORTH BLOCK, NEW DELHI-110 001. …RESPONDENTS (BY SRI. N VENKATARAMAN., ASG A/W SRI. M DILIP., ADVOCATE) SRI. M DILIP., ADVOCATE) THIS WRIT PETITION IS FILED UNDER ARTICLES 226 AND 227 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, PRAYING TO QUASH THE IMPUGNED ORDER PASSED BY THE R-1 UNDER CLAUSE (d) OF SECTION 148A OF THE ACT DTD 31.03.2022 VIDE ANNX-K AND QUASH THE IMPUGNED NOTICE DTD 31.03.2022 ISSUED UNDER SECTION 148 OF THE ACT ISSUED BY THE R-1 VIDE ANNX-L. IN W.P.NO.8815/2022: BETWEEN: DR. RAMDAS MADHAVA PAI, AGED ABOUT 86 YEARS, S/O. LATE TMA PAI, RESIDING AT 1, GEETHANJALI, MANIPA-576 014, KARNATAKA, REPRESENTED THROUGH A POWER OF ATTORNEY BY SHRI. RAJESH KRISHNASWAMY MOORTI, RESIDING AT NO. 908, 20 MAIN ROAD, BANASHANKARI II STAGE, BANGALORE SOUTH, BANGALORE-560 070, KARNATAKA. (SENIOR CITIZEN BENEFIT NOT CLAIMED) …PETITIONER (BY SRI.AJAY VOHRA, SENIOR COUNSEL A/W SRI.S K TULSIYAN, ADVOCATE AND MS. ANNAPOORNA S, ADVOCATE AND SRI. ABRAHAM JOSEPH, ADVOCATE) AND: 1.THE INCOME TAX OFFICER WARD 1 AND TPS, UDUPI, AAYAKAR BHAWAN, UDUPI MALPE ROAD, AMBALPADI POST, MANGALORE-576 103, KARNATAKA. 2.THE ADDITIONAL COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX CENTRAL REVENUE BUILDING, ATTAVAR, MANGALORE-575 001, DAKSHINA KANNADA, KARNATAKA. 3.THE PRINCIPAL COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX AAYAKAR BHAWAN, PANAJI REGION, PATTO EDC COMPLEX, PANAJI, GOA-403 001. AAYAKAR BHAWAN, PANAJI REGION, PATTO EDC COMPLEX, PANAJI, GOA-403 001. 4.UNION OF INDIA REPRESENTED THROUGH THE SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF FINANCE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, NORTH BLOCK, NEW DELHI-110 001. (BY SRI. N VENKATARAMAN., ASG A/W SRI. M DILIP., ADVOCATE) SRI. M DILIP., ADVOCATE) …RESPONDENTS THIS WRIT PETITION IS FILED UNDER ARTICLES 226 AND 227 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, PRAYING TO QUASHING THE IMPUGNED ORDER PASSED BY THE RESPONDENT NO.1 UNDER CLAUSE (D) OF SECTION 148A OF THE ACT DATED 31.03.2022 AT ANNEXURE-K AND OR QUASHING THE IMPUGNED NOTICE DATED 31.03.2022 ISSUED UNDER SECTION 148 OF THE ACT ISSUED BY THE R-1 AT ANNEXURE-L AND OR. THESE PETITIONS HAVING BEEN HEARD AND RESERVED FOR ORDER, THIS DAY, THE COURT PRONOUNCED THE FOLLOWING: WP No. 8797/2022 ORDER These two petitions having substantially similar factual matrix and involving identical questions of law, seek to lay a challenge to the orders dated 31.3.2022 passed u/s 148A(d) followed by evenly dated notices issued u/s 148 of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The impugned action has been generated at the hands of 1[st]respondent. I. FOUNDATIONAL FACTS OF THE CASES: THESE PETITIONS HAVING BEEN HEARD AND RESERVED FOR ORDER, THIS DAY, THE COURT PRONOUNCED THE FOLLOWING: WP No. 8797/2022 ORDER These two petitions having substantially similar factual matrix and involving identical questions of law, seek to lay a challenge to the orders dated 31.3.2022 passed u/s 148A(d) followed by evenly dated notices issued u/s 148 of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The impugned action has been generated at the hands of 1[st]respondent. I. FOUNDATIONAL FACTS OF THE CASES: (a) Petitioner in W.P.No.8815/2022 is the husband of petitioner in companion W.P.No.8797/2022; they are an octogenarian couple. In the year 2010 and up to the year 2016, petitioner-Dr.Ramdas Madhava Pai acquired certain shares in Manipal Education and Medical Group India Private Limited (hereafter ‘MEMGIPL’). In March 2017, his son Dr.Ranjan Pai gifted shares held in MEMGIPL to petitioner-Dr.Ramdas Madhava Pai. Likewise, his daughter-in-law gifted shares to petitioner-Smt.Vasanthi Pai. On 16.11.2017, the National Company Law Tribunal - 5 - (hereafter ‘NCLT’) approved the scheme of demerger of the property management business of MEMGIPL into another company namely Manipal Integrated Services Private Limited (hereafter ‘MISPL’). By way of consideration, 10,87,97,101 shares of MISPL were allotted to the shareholders of MEMGIPL. The appointed day of demerger was denoted as 30.11.2016. Accordingly, petitioner-Dr.Ramdas Pai and petitioner-Vasanthi Pai got to hold 5537216 and 5359885 shares respectively in MISPL. Another order dated 30.11.2017 came to be passed by the NCLT approving the demerger of facility management services of MISPL into Quess Corp. Ltd. In consideration of this demerger, the two writ petitioners were allotted shares in Quess Corp. The appointed date for this demerger was 1.12.2016. In February and March 2018, the petitioners are said to have sold the shares in Quess Corp. (b) On 10.12.2018, both Petitioners filed their Returns of Income for the Assessment Year 2018-19 u/s 139 of the Act. On 11.03.2022, notices u/s 148A(b) of the Act were issued to them, on the following two premises: (i) that the petitioners were allotted shares in Quess Corp Ltd as a consequence of demerger arrangements and the same are taxable in terms of Section 56(2)(x)(c) of the 1961 Act; and (ii) that the petitioners having sold the shares of Quess Corp before March 2018 ought to have offered the same to tax. Petitioners sent their replies dated 28.3.2022 to the subject Show Cause Notices taking up certain objections and requested for dropping of the proposed action. However, the Assessing Officer vide orders dated 31.3.2022 passed u/s 148A(d), overruled the objections and issued notices u/s 148 of the Act for the Assessment Year 2018-19. These orders and notices are the subject matter of challenge in these petitions. (c) After service of notice, the Assessing Officer having entered appearance through their Panel Counsel, resisted the Writ Petitions by filing individual Statement of Objections. The learned Additional Solicitor General of India appearing for the Assessing Officer made his submission in justification of the impugned action and the reasons on which the same has been founded. Both the Assessing Officer and the Assessees have filed their Written Submissions as well. Certain rulings have been cited in support of their respective cases. II. AS TO WHAT THE ASSESSEES HAVE ARGUED: (a) The primary condition for reopening assessments envisages escapement of income which is absent in the case at hands and thus, the action is without jurisdiction; in any circumstance, it is sans jurisdictional fact. (b) The order passed under Section 148A(d) has gone well beyond the show cause notice and touched matters not even alleged and that the reply of the petitioners have not been considered. submission in justification of the impugned action and the reasons on which the same has been founded. Both the Assessing Officer and the Assessees have filed their Written Submissions as well. Certain rulings have been cited in support of their respective cases. II. AS TO WHAT THE ASSESSEES HAVE ARGUED: (a) The primary condition for reopening assessments envisages escapement of income which is absent in the case at hands and thus, the action is without jurisdiction; in any circumstance, it is sans jurisdictional fact. (b) The order passed under Section 148A(d) has gone well beyond the show cause notice and touched matters not even alleged and that the reply of the petitioners have not been considered. (c) The reasons recorded in the show cause notices issued under Section 148A(b) constitute the foundation for the case and it is impermissible for the Assessing Officer to travel beyond the said grounds and traverse new grounds. (d) The scheme that has been approved by the NCLT cannot be called into question by the Income Tax authorities, who too were parties before the NCLT. III. AS TO WHAT THE REVENUE CONTENDED: (a) That the decision of the Assessing Officer u/s. 148A(d) to re-open the assessment is by its very nature tentative; what is being looked into is re-opening-worthiness of the assessments. All submissions of the petitioners would be considered when the assessment is undertaken. (b) That the issues raised by the petitioners being disputed questions of facts merit adjudication at the hands of Assessing Officer. For reopening assessment, what one needs to see is, only a prima facie case of escapement of income. That the prima facie opinion formed u/s.148A(d) is based on material available on record. Therefore, at this stage, the challenge is premature. (c) The assesses had filed Returns of Income; no assessment was made although only an intimation was sent. Consequent to a survey under Section 133A on Quess Corp Ltd, it was found that consideration was liable to be taxed as short term capital gains. (d) A series of transactions undertaken by the petitioners and the companies of the Manipal group showed clear-round-trip-financing which lacks commercial substance; prima facie it is not for bona fide purposes. - 9 - Therefore a notice was issued for escaped assessment. Findings of the Assessing Officer on round tripping, etc., are quite in order in terms of Sections 95 to 102 which are applicable from the AY 2018-19. (e) That section 49 is not attracted in the said case to include the previous ownership of shares and therefore clause (b) of Explanation I to Section 2(42A) of the Act is not applicable. It is not permissible to take the holding period in MEMGIPL, but only the period in MISPL should be taken. If that is done, the period is shorter than 12 months resulting in short term capital gains. IV. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties and having perused the Petition Papers, I am inclined to grant indulgence in the matter as under and for the following reasons: (A) On the basis of pleadings coupled with submissions at the Bar, what needs to be essentially examined is the scope &invocabilityinter alia of sections 147 & 148 of the 1961 Act which have been recast under the Finance Act, 2021, the subject notices having been issued post-amendment. The statutory scheme envisaged under Chapter XIV has the following salient features: IV. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties and having perused the Petition Papers, I am inclined to grant indulgence in the matter as under and for the following reasons: (A) On the basis of pleadings coupled with submissions at the Bar, what needs to be essentially examined is the scope &invocabilityinter alia of sections 147 & 148 of the 1961 Act which have been recast under the Finance Act, 2021, the subject notices having been issued post-amendment. The statutory scheme envisaged under Chapter XIV has the following salient features: (i) Section 147 provides for the assessment or reassessment of escaped income, subject to complying with the provisions of sections 148 to 153 of the Act. The Explanation to the said section allows assessment or reassessment of any other income which is chargeable to tax but has escaped assessment and comes to his notice during the course of assessment/reassessment even if provisions of Section 148A have not been complied with subject. Therefore, it is clear that for doing an assessment/reassessment for escaped income, ingredients of Sections 148 to 153 should be satisfied in the initial stages; if that happens, the requirement of fresh adherence to Section 148A pales into insignificance. Section 148 mandates issuance of notice to undertake assessment under Section 147 after adhering to the provisions of Section 148A. It is incumbent on the officer to serve a copy of the order issued under Section 148A(d) along with the notice under section 148. The notice under section 148 could be issued after taking prior permission as contemplated in the First Proviso; the said notice calls upon the Assessee to furnish a Return of Income. However, with effect from 1.4.2022, such prior permission is not contemplated under the circumstances specified in the Second Proviso. (ii) Section 148A, which assumes pivotal relevance in the matter has a heading which runs “Conducting inquiry and providing opportunity before issue of notice under Section 148.” This provision apparently employing the word ‘shall’ and in its text, nothing being repugnant, one can safely assume it to be mandatory. Thus, issuance of notice to the Assessee as to why a notice under Section 148 should not be issued to assess his ‘escaped income’ is a sine qua non. The provision also mandates the Assessing Officer to objectively consider not only the material gathered but also the reply furnished by the Assessee before an order is passed permitting the issuance of Section 148 notice. Rest of the provisions of the Act do not matter since it is the specific case of Assessees that the impugned action lacks jurisdictional facts. Their thrust is on the questions, whether at all the subject notices could have been issued u/s 148 and whether the subject orders could have been made in their present form & substance. (B) One of the jurisdictional issues which would arise for consideration is, whether there is “information suggesting escapement of income” so as to invoke Section 147 and issue notice under Section 148. Should this jurisdictional fact be absent, the question of issuing notices or making orders under Section 148A would not arise. It is pertinent to delve into the history of Sections 147 & 148 as they stood both before the amendment. (a) Prior to 01.04.2021, Section 147 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 had the following text: “If the Assessing Officer has reason tobelievethat any income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for any assessment year, he may, subject to the provisions of sections 148 to 153, assess or reassess such incomeand also any other income chargeable to taxwhich has escaped assessment and which comes to his notice subsequently in the course of the proceedings under this section, or recompute the loss or the depreciation allowance or any other allowance, as the case may be, for the assessment year concerned (hereafter in this section and in sections 148 to 153 referred to as the relevant assessment year)” Post amendment w.e.f 01.04.2021, it reads: (a) Prior to 01.04.2021, Section 147 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 had the following text: “If the Assessing Officer has reason tobelievethat any income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for any assessment year, he may, subject to the provisions of sections 148 to 153, assess or reassess such incomeand also any other income chargeable to taxwhich has escaped assessment and which comes to his notice subsequently in the course of the proceedings under this section, or recompute the loss or the depreciation allowance or any other allowance, as the case may be, for the assessment year concerned (hereafter in this section and in sections 148 to 153 referred to as the relevant assessment year)” Post amendment w.e.f 01.04.2021, it reads: “If any income chargeable to tax, in the case of an assessee, has escaped assessment for any assessment year, the Assessing Officer may, subject to the provisions of sections 148 to 153, assess or reassess such income or recompute the loss or the depreciation allowance or any other allowance or deduction for such assessment year (hereafter in this section and in sections 148 to 153 referred to as the relevant assessment year).” (b) Let me undertake the comparative examination of the old provision in Section 147 with the new: under the old section, the opening words were “If the Assessing Officer has reason to believe that any income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for any assessment year”.As against that, in the amended section, the opening words are: “If any income chargeable to tax, in the case of an assessee, has escaped assessment for any assessment year”. So, what is conspicuously missing from the new section is the term “reason to believe”. In other words, under the new provisions, section 147 of the Act can be invoked only if any income chargeable to tax has “escaped assessment”. Thus, the Assessing Officer has to be prima facie satisfied that there is “escapement of income”, unlike earlier law which permitted action based on mere reason to believe. Now mere reason to believe, cannot be a ground for carrying out assessment under section 147 of the Act. (c) Section 148 of the Income Tax Act, 1961: As per section 148 of the Income Tax Act, 1961, before making the assessment, reassessment or recomputation under section 147, the AO has to serve notice under section 148, requiring the Assessee to furnish a Return of Income during the previous year corresponding to the relevant assessment year. The Return so furnished shall be considered as the one furnished under section 139 of the Act. As per first Proviso to section 148, no notice under section 148 can be issued unless there is ‘information which suggests that the income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment’ in the case of an assessee for the relevant assessment year. Firstly, the Assessing Officer should have information; secondly, such information should suggest that there is an escapement of income. The phrase ‘information with the Assessing Officer which suggests that the income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment’ is explained in Explanation 1 to section 148 to mean: From 1.4.2021 to 31.03.2022: (i) any information flagged in the case of the assessee for the relevant assessment year in accordance with the risk management strategy formulated by the Board from time to time; or (ii) any final objection raised by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India to the effect that the assessment in the case of the assessee for the relevant assessment year has not been made in accordance with the provisions of this Act From 1.4.2022: (i) any information in the case of the assessee for the relevant assessment year in accordance with the risk management strategy formulated by the Board from time to time; or (ii) any audit objection to the effect that the assessment in the case of the assessee for the relevant assessment year has not been made in accordance with the provisions of this Act; or (i) any information flagged in the case of the assessee for the relevant assessment year in accordance with the risk management strategy formulated by the Board from time to time; or (ii) any final objection raised by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India to the effect that the assessment in the case of the assessee for the relevant assessment year has not been made in accordance with the provisions of this Act From 1.4.2022: (i) any information in the case of the assessee for the relevant assessment year in accordance with the risk management strategy formulated by the Board from time to time; or (ii) any audit objection to the effect that the assessment in the case of the assessee for the relevant assessment year has not been made in accordance with the provisions of this Act; or (iii) any information received under an agreement referred to in section 90 or section 90A of the Act; or (iv) any information made available to the Assessing Officer under the scheme notified under section 135A; or (v) any information which requires action in consequence of the order of a Tribunal or a Court. (C) CBDT has issued Instruction dated 10.12.2021 vide F.N0. 225/135/2021/ITA-II indicating as to what is information and how it would be collected. The relevant portion of the instructions is reproduced for ready reference: “2. As per the amended provisions of the section 148 of the Income-tax Act,1961 ('the Act'), the information which has escaped assessment has been defined to include the two categories of information, i.e., (i) the information which is flagged in accordance with the risk management strategy formulated by the Board; and (ii) final audit objection raised by the C&AG. 3. For effective implementation of risk management strategy, the Central Board of Direct Taxes (Board), in exercise of its powers under section 119 of the Act, directs that the Assessing Officers shall identify the following categories of information pertaining to Assessment Year 2015-16 and Assessment Year 2018-19, which may require action under section 148 of the Act, for uploading on the Verification Report Upload (VRU) functionality on Insight portal: (i) Information from any other Government Agency/Law Enforcement Agency. (ii) Information arising out of Internal Audit objection, which requires action u/s 148 of the Act. (iii) Information received from any Income-tax Authority including the assessing officer himself or herself. (iv) Information arising out of search or survey action. (v) Information arising out of FT&TR references. (vi) Information arising out of any order of court, appellate order, order of NCLT and/or order u/s 263/264 of the Act, having impact on income in the assessee's case or in the case of any other assessee. (vii) Cases involving addition in any assessment year on a recurring issue of law or fact a. exceeding Rs. 25 lakhs in eight metro charges at Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai and Pune while at other charges, quantum of addition should exceed Rs. 10 lakhs. b. exceeding Rs. 10 crore in transfer pricing cases. and where such an addition: 1. has become final as no further appeal has been filed against the assessment order; or 2. has been confirmed at any stage of appellate process in favor of revenue and assessee has not filed further appeal; or 3. has been confirmed at the 1st stage of appeal in favor of revenue or subsequently;even if further appeal of assessee is pending, against such order. (vii) Cases involving addition in any assessment year on a recurring issue of law or fact a. exceeding Rs. 25 lakhs in eight metro charges at Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai and Pune while at other charges, quantum of addition should exceed Rs. 10 lakhs. b. exceeding Rs. 10 crore in transfer pricing cases. and where such an addition: 1. has become final as no further appeal has been filed against the assessment order; or 2. has been confirmed at any stage of appellate process in favor of revenue and assessee has not filed further appeal; or 3. has been confirmed at the 1st stage of appeal in favor of revenue or subsequently;even if further appeal of assessee is pending, against such order. 5. As per the provisions of section 149(1)(b) of the Act, in specific cases where the Assessing Officer has in his possession evidence which reveal that the income escaping assessment, represented in the form of asset, amounts to or is likely to amount to fifty lakh rupees or more, notice can be issued beyond the period of three years but not beyond the period of ten years from the end of the relevant assessment year. Further, the notice under section 148 of the Act cannot be issued at any time in a case for the relevant assessment year beginning on or before 1st day of April, 2021, if such notice could not have been issued at that time on account of being beyond the time limit prescribed under the provisions of clause (b), as they stood immediately before the proposed amendment. As per explanation provided to section 149 of the Act, the term "asset" shall include immovable property, being land or building or both, shares and securities, loans and advances, deposits in bank account.” (D) MEANING OF WORDS: ‘SUGGEST’ AND ‘INFORMATION’ EMPLOYED IN THE SUBJECT PROVISIONS: (a)The word ‘suggest’ is not defined in the 1961 Act and therefore, one has to ascertain its meaning from other sources. As per Advanced Law Lexicon – The word ‘suggest’, either in its meaning as ordinarily employed or as affected by the context of the will, that can be regarded as expressive of confidence, or belief, or desire, or hope, or will, or as the equivalent of a word of entreaty or recommendation: is in fact, and a precatory word at all, in the ordinary sense. As per Black’s Law Dictionary - To introduce indirectly to the thought; to propose with difference or modesty; to hint; to intimate. As per Merriam-Webster - “to call to mind by thought or association”. (b) ‘Information’: The expression ‘information’ in the context in which it occurs must, mean instruction or knowledge derived from an external source concerning facts or particulars, or as to law relating to a matter bearing on the assessment vide: CIT vs A. RAMAN & CO. [1968] 67 ITR 11 (SC)]. Therefore, Section 148 would point out to concrete information which could be facts which point out to a case of income having escaped assessment. InLARSEN AND TOUBRO LTD Vs STATE OF JHARKHAND 2017-TIOL-129-SC, the following has been stated: “What is information? According to the Oxford Dictionary, 'information' means facts told, heard or discovered about somebody/something. The Law Lexicon describes the term 'information' as the act or process of informing, communication or reception of knowledge. The expression 'information' means instruction or knowledge derived from an external source concerning facts or parties or as to law relating to and/or having a bearing on the assessment. A mere change of opinion or having second thought about it by the competent authority on the same set of facts and materials on the record does not constitute 'information' for the purposes of the Act. But the word "information" used in the aforesaid Section is of the widest amplitude and should not be construed narrowly. It comprehends not only variety of factors including information from external sources of any kind but also the discovery of new facts or information available in the record of assessment not previously noticed or investigated.” expression 'information' means instruction or knowledge derived from an external source concerning facts or parties or as to law relating to and/or having a bearing on the assessment. A mere change of opinion or having second thought about it by the competent authority on the same set of facts and materials on the record does not constitute 'information' for the purposes of the Act. But the word "information" used in the aforesaid Section is of the widest amplitude and should not be construed narrowly. It comprehends not only variety of factors including information from external sources of any kind but also the discovery of new facts or information available in the record of assessment not previously noticed or investigated.” (E) Let me refer to some of the Rulings rendered both on the amended & unamended provisions in question. DECISIONS ON SECTIONS 147 & 148 AND 148A: (a) (Prior to amendment of section 147) (i) CIT vs KELVINATOR OF INDIA LTD., (2010) 2 SCC 723: The Hon’ble Supreme Court held that a mere change of opinion cannot be the reason to reopen the case. It observed: “…One needs to give a schematic interpretation to the words “reason to believe” failing which, Section 147 would give arbitrary powers to the assessing officer to reopen assessments on the basis of “mere change of opinion”, which cannot be per se reason to reopen… We must also keep in mind the conceptual difference between power to review and power to re-assess. The Assessing Officer has no power to review; he has the power to re-assess. But re-assessment has to be based on fulfillment of certain pre-condition and if the concept of "change of opinion" is removed, as contended on behalf of the Department, then, in the garb of re-opening the assessment, review would take place…. The assessing officer has power to reopen, provided there is “tangible material” to come to the conclusion that there is escapement of income from assessment. Reasons must have a live link with the formation of the belief.” (ii)ACIT vs ICICI SECURITIES PRIMARY DEALERSHIP LTD., (2012) 13 SCC 514: In this case, the assessee had filed Return of Income declaring income from shares and the assessment was concluded based on the said Return of Income. However, after 4 years of time, the revenue sought to reopen the assessment on the ground that there is loss incurred by the assessee on trading of shares and such loss is a speculative loss. The Hon’ble Supreme Court held that once the assessment is finalised based on details furnished in Return, reopening of assessment is not permissible due to change of opinion of Assessing Officer. (iii) INCOME-TAX OFFICER v. LAKHMANIMEWAL DAS [1976] 103 ITR 437 (SC): In this case, the assessee was assessed for AY 1958-59 and one of the expenses that was allowed was Rs. 10,494 by way of interest paid. However, in 1967, the ITO issued notice under section 148 for reassessment on the belief that loans shown and the interest paid were not genuine. The credits were in the name of persons known to the name-lenders. The Hon’ble SC held that the live link or close nexus which should be there between the material before the Income Tax Officer in the present case and the belief which he was to form regarding the escapement of the income of the assessee from assessment because of the latter's failure or omission to disclose fully and truly all material facts was missing in the case. The Court also explained the meaning of the term ‘reason to believe’ and distinguished the same with ‘reason to suspect’ as under: “11. the reasons for the formation of the belief must have a rational connection with or relevant bearing on the formation of the belief. Rational connection postulates that there must be a direct nexus or live link between the material coming to the notice of the Income Tax Officer and the formation of his belief that there has been escapement of the income of the assessee from assessment in the particular year because of his failure to disclose fully and truly all material facts. It is no doubt true that the court cannot go into the sufficiency or adequacy of the material and substitute its own opinion for that of the Income Tax Officer on the point as to whether action should be initiated for reopening assessment. At the same time we have to bear in mind that it is not any and every material, howsoever vague and indefinite or distant, remote and farfetched, which would warrant the formation of the belief relating to escapement of the income of the assessee from assessment. The fact that the words “definite information” which were there in Section 34 of the Act of 1922 at one time before its amendment in 1948 are not there in Section 147 of the Act of 1961 would not lead to the conclusion that action can now be taken for reopening assessment even if the information is wholly vague, indefinite, farfetched and remote. The reason for the formation of the belief must be held in good faith and should not be a mere pretence. 12. The powers of the Income Tax Officer to reopen assessment though wide are not plenary. The words of the statute are “reason to believe” and not “reason to suspect” The reopening of the assessment after the lapse of many years is a serious matter. The Act, no doubt, contemplates the reopening of the assessment if grounds exist for believing that income of the assessee has escaped assessment. The underlying reason for that is that instances of concealed income or other income escaping assessment in a large number of cases come to the notice of the Income Tax Authorities after the assessment has been completed. The provisions of the Act in this respect depart from the normal rule that there should be, subject to right of appeal and revision, finality about orders made in judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings. It is, therefore, essential that before such action is taken the requirements of the law should be satisfied.” (iv) JINDAL PHOTO FILMS LTD vs DCIT 1998 SCC OnLine DEL 401: In this case, the assessee had claimed investment allowance under section 32A of the IT Act, 1961. The said claim was disallowed by the AO who passed an order making additions. The assessee filed an appeal against the order of the AO, wherein the CIT (A) observed that no deduction under section 32A is permissible but the assessee is free to claim deduction under section 80I. The assessee claimed the deduction under section 80I including for the subsequent years. However, the AO issued notice under Section 147/148 proposing to reopen the assessments on the grounds of - 24 - the income having escaped assessment. The High Court set aside the reassessment notice by holding that though the AO used the phrase ‘reason to believe’ in his order, admittedly, between the date of orders of assessment sought to be reopened and the date of forming of opinion by the ITO nothing new has happened. There is no change of law. No new material has come on record. No information has been received. It is merely a fresh application of mind by the same Assessing Officer to the same set of facts. (v)M/s. SANMINA-SCI TECHNOLOGY INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED Vs ACIT 2021 (5) TMI 486 - MADRAS HIGH COURT: In this case, the assesse had filed a Return of Income claiming deduction under Section 10A and 10AA of the Act and by making a full disclosure in relation to the deduction claimed under the provisions of Section 10AA. The assessment order under section 143(3) was also passed and the claim of deduction under section 10A was allowed. Later, the AO issued a notice under (v)M/s. SANMINA-SCI TECHNOLOGY INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED Vs ACIT 2021 (5) TMI 486 - MADRAS HIGH COURT: In this case, the assesse had filed a Return of Income claiming deduction under Section 10A and 10AA of the Act and by making a full disclosure in relation to the deduction claimed under the provisions of Section 10AA. The assessment order under section 143(3) was also passed and the claim of deduction under section 10A was allowed. Later, the AO issued a notice under section 148 for re-assessment on the ground that the assessee has claimed excess deduction under section 10A. The High Court held that the provisions of Section 147 prescribe a limitation of four years normally, extended to six years in cases where an order of scrutiny has been passed at the first instance. In addition, the assessee should have defaulted in filing of the Return, or the proceedings for re-assessment should be based on the failure of the petitioner to have made full and true disclosure of income. Since these conditions are not fulfilled, no re-assessment could have been made. (vi) TRAVANCORE DIAGNOSTICS P. LTD. v. ASST. CIT, 2016 SCC OnLine Ker 20423: An income escaping assessment as provided under section 147, may not be based on the return filed or on the basis of the materials thereunder, but may be the materials independently collected leading to a subjective opinion in the minds of the Assessing Officer that he has reasons to believe that any income has escaped assessment with the only limitation that this shall be done within four years after the completion of assessment. (b) Post substitution of sections 147/148/148A (i) SMT. KULWANTI BHATIA CHARITABLE TRUST SOCIETY vs PCIT[2023] 155 taxmann.com 653 (Allahabad): In this case, the Assessee society was registered under section 12AA for claiming exemption under section 11 and the said registration was cancelled. Hence, the assessment order was passed under section 143(3) denying exemption under section 11 and 12 of the Act. Meanwhile, a notice under section 148A(b) was issued on the ground that the total receipt was to be treated as an income of the assessee as per Section 164 as the assessee was not registered under section 12AA. The High Court observed as under: “The Act does not contemplate any detailed adjudication on the merits of information available with the Assessing Officer at the stage of passing order under section 148A(d). There is a specific purpose for not introducing any further enquiry or adjudication in the statute, on the correctness or otherwise of the information, at this stage. The reason for it is obvious. Under the scheme of the Act a detailed procedure has been provided under Section 148 for issuance of notice whereafter the Assessing Authority has to determine, in the manner specified, whether income has escaped assessment and the defence of assessee, on all permissible grounds, remains open to be pressed at such stage. The ultimate determination made by the Assessing Authority under Section 147 for reassessment is otherwise subject to appeal under Section 246-A. Merits of the information referable to Section 148A thus remains subject to the reassessment proceedings initiated vide notice under Section 148. It is for this reason that issues which require determination at the stage of reassessment proceedings and in respect of which departmental remedy is otherwise available are not required to be determined at the stage of decision by the assessing authority under Section 148A(d). The scope of decision under Section 148A(d) is limited to the existence or otherwise of information which suggests that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment”. Accordingly, the Court declined interference with respect to the notice issued under Section 148. (ii) GANDHIBAGSAHAKARI BANK LTD. vs DCIT [2023] 156 taxmann.com 221 (Bombay): In this case, the return filed by the assessee was scrutinized and an assessment was carried out under section 143(3) of the WP No. 8797/2022 Accordingly, the Court declined interference with respect to the notice issued under Section 148. (ii) GANDHIBAGSAHAKARI BANK LTD. vs DCIT [2023] 156 taxmann.com 221 (Bombay): In this case, the return filed by the assessee was scrutinized and an assessment was carried out under section 143(3) of the WP No. 8797/2022 Act. Thereafter, notice under section 148 was issued proposing to undertake reassessment by reopening the earlier completed assessment. Reason provided for reopening of the assessment was by indicating that information was available on the insight Portal-CRIR/VRU High Risk cases for an amount of Rs. 17.99 crores. The said amounts were not reflected by the assessee in its return of income. The High Court quashed the notice under section 148 with the following observations: “On perusal of the notice dated 31-3-2021 issued under section 148(1) coupled with the reasons assigned by the respondents for seeking to reopen the proceedings it becomes clear that it is on the basis of the information shared on the Insight Portal with regard to high value cash deposits that has prompted the Assessing Officer to have a 'reason to believe' that the said amount in the hands of the petitioner had escaped assessment. Except for stating that such information was available on the Insight Portal it has not been indicated in the said reasons as to how there was formation of belief by the Assessing Officer that income had escaped assessment. The reasons supplied do not indicate that any exercise of independent verification thereafter was undertaken resulting in consideration of the same with due application of mind by the Assessing Officer so as to reopen the completed assessment.” (iii) SUBODH AGARWAL vs STATE OF UP [2023] 149 taxmann.com 448 (Allahabad): In this case, during the relevant AY, search proceedings were carried out and an order under section 153A was issued. During the pendency of proceedings, a show cause notice was issued under section 148A(b). The reasons for issuance of notice under section 148A(b) were based on the audit objection. The High Court, after analyzing the provisions of both pre-amendment and post-amendment of section 147, held that w.e.f. 01.04.2022, clause (ii) of Explanation 1 provides the condition that information includes information in the form of audit objection. It was further held that prima facie availability of material is sufficient for reopening of the reassessment proceedings and the sufficiency and correctness of the material is not to be considered at that stage. (iv) IDFC LTD vs DCIT [2023] 155 taxmann.com 602 (Madras): In this case, the return filed by the assessee was scrutinized and an order under section - 30 - 143(3) was passed. Assessee had also filed an appeal before CIT (A) on such an order of assessment. Later, the AO issued notice under section 148 stating that he had reason to believe that income had escaped assessment as regards disallowance of unrealised loss on foreign exchange. The High Court quashed the notices under section 148 on the ground that there exists no material to show that there was escapement of assessment as the information was already available with the department. Further, the High Court made the following observations with respect to amended provisions of section 148 w.e.f. 01.04.2021: -“On a conjoint reading of the provisions newly introduced, the new scheme of re-assessment is seen to have incorporated the procedure set out in the judgement of the Supreme Court in GKN Driveshafts (India) Ltd. v. ITO [2002] 125 Taxman 963/[2003] 259 ITR 19, statutorily. -The respondents argue that the new scheme, with the omission of the phrase 'reason to believe' has done away with the requirement that the officer must establish 'escapement of tax', prima facie, at the stage of assumption of jurisdiction. I do not agree. Such a requirement continues in light of the proviso under section 148 that casts a statutory burden upon the officer to be in -“On a conjoint reading of the provisions newly introduced, the new scheme of re-assessment is seen to have incorporated the procedure set out in the judgement of the Supreme Court in GKN Driveshafts (India) Ltd. v. ITO [2002] 125 Taxman 963/[2003] 259 ITR 19, statutorily. -The respondents argue that the new scheme, with the omission of the phrase 'reason to believe' has done away with the requirement that the officer must establish 'escapement of tax', prima facie, at the stage of assumption of jurisdiction. I do not agree. Such a requirement continues in light of the proviso under section 148 that casts a statutory burden upon the officer to be in possession of 'information' suggesting that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for the year concerned. If the existence of such information is not established even at the initial stage, the foundation of the proceedings stands vitiated in law. -The raison d'etre of the new provisions is itself to streamline the scheme of re-assessment and induce certainty. The limitation under the old scheme extended upto 10 years and Legislature was of the view that such a long period breeded uncertainty in finalisation of assessments which was undesirable. -whether, in a situation where all material in regard to the issues in respect of which reassessment is proposed have been placed on record even at the original instance, the assessment has been completed under scrutiny and no new material brought on record to warrant re-opening, there could not be any legal justification for re-assessment. -material already on record and that has undergone scrutiny at the first instance cannot satisfy the statutory condition. -As on 1-4-2021 the command of the law is to the effect that there must be material indicating the existence of an 'asset' that leads to the inference of escapement of income.” (F) On a conjoint reading of section 147 and section 148 of the Act, it is clear that the escapement of income is a sine qua non for initiating proceedings under section 147. Therefore, availability of the ‘information which suggests that there is an escapement of income’ is a pre-requisite for issuing notice under section 148. The argument that omission of phrase ‘reason to believe’ has gotten away and has given way to “information with the assessing officer which suggests that the income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment” would mean that there should be no need for any reason seems incorrect. The phraseology of amended Section 148 makes in unmistakable terms clear that there should be a concrete information as defined in Explanation 1 to Section 148. Such information should be suggestive of income escaping assessment and such information should be objective in nature. In other words, the arguable subjectivity in the pre-amendment provision is given a go-by. For conducting assessment under section 147, there should be not only escapement but also the reason to believe that there is such escapement, the reason being the information itself. Hence, a plausible view could be taken that post-amendment of the provision, the escapement has to be established with concrete information. Section 148A would only assist the